ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS IN INTERNATIONAL NGOS Student’s Name Institution Course Due Date

Table of Contents 1 Chapter One: Research Introduction ........................................................................................ 4 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Background of Research ................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Significance of Research ................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Rationale of Research ....................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Research Aim .................................................................................................................. 10 1.6 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................ 11 1.7 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 11 2 Chapter Two: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The Role of International NGOs in Humanitarian Operations ....................................... 13 2.3 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) ................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Resource-Based View (RBV) .................................................................................. 15 2.4 Integration of Information Systems in NGO Operations ................................................ 16 2.5 Adoption and Implementation Challenges ...................................................................... 17 2.6 Humanitarian Supply Chain Management ...................................................................... 19 2.7 Information Technology in Disaster Response and Preparedness .................................. 20 2.8 Supply Chain Visibility and Transparency ...................................................................... 22 2.9 Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Logistics .......................................... 23 2.10 Inventory Management and Optimisation ....................................................................... 24 2.11 Coordination and Collaboration in Humanitarian Networks .......................................... 25

Table of Figures Figure 1:Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) ( Davis, 1989) .................................................... 15 Figure 2:Resource-Based View (RBV) ( Madhani,2010) ............................................................... 16 Figure 3:Research Onion Saunders, (Lewis, and Thornhill, 2007) ............................................... 29

1 Chapter One: Research Introduction 1.1 Introduction Humanitarian aid has been profoundly reshaped by the advent of Information Technology (IT) in recent decades. International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) engaged in humanitarian efforts face complex and evolving challenges, from rapid response to crises to the efficient allocation of resources ( Howden,2009 ). The integration of IT systems into their operations has the potential to revolutionise the field, making it imperative to assess the impact of these technologies on the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistics. This research explores the multifaceted aspects of IT integration in the humanitarian sector. It provides insights into how NGOs harness the full potential of these tools to optimise their operations, ultimately improving the delivery of aid to those in need. The effectiveness and efficiency of humanitarian logistics have always been critical considerations in assisting crisis-stricken regions. International NGOs, which often operate in resource-constrained and hazardous environments, face many challenges, including limited access, rapidly changing conditions, and managing extensive supply chains ( Khan, Yong and Han,2019 ). In such contexts, the role of information technology becomes paramount, as it can facilitate real-time data collection, analysis, and decision-making. IT systems help NGOs monitor and respond to crises more effectively, allocate resources efficiently, and enhance the overall impact of their aid efforts. One key aspect of the impact of IT on humanitarian logistics is the improvement in data collection and analysis. Information technology allows NGOs to gather, process, and disseminate data more swiftly and accurately. Real-time data from affected areas provide crucial information about the extent of the crisis, the needs of the affected populations, and the infrastructure

The growth of the internet and advances in cloud computing allowed NGOs to establish digital platforms for information sharing and data analytics. These platforms enabled stakeholders to collaborate seamlessly, share best practices, and centralise data, contributing to improved decision-making and resource allocation. Additionally, social media played a vital role in raising awareness and mobilising support for humanitarian causes, expanding the reach of NGOs ( Chou et al.,2016 ). The integration of IT in humanitarian logistics also led to the emergence of innovative tools and systems, such as geographic information systems (GIS) for mapping and geospatial analysis, radio frequency identification (RFID) for asset tracking, and dashboards for real-time monitoring. These technologies streamlined supply chain management, enhanced inventory control, and improved visibility into the entire logistics process. The adoption of IT systems has had a profound impact on humanitarian organisations' data-driven decision-making processes. By collecting and analysing data from various sources, NGOs can forecast demand, optimise routes, and allocate resources more efficiently. This reduces operational costs and ensures that aid reaches beneficiaries promptly, ultimately saving lives. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the integration of IT into humanitarian logistics has been challenging ( Anejionu et al.,2019 ). International NGOs often operate in resource-constrained environments, which may hinder their ability to invest in and maintain IT infrastructure. There are also concerns about data security and privacy, especially when dealing with sensitive information in conflict zones. Thus, balancing the benefits of IT with these challenges remains a critical concern for the humanitarian sector. 1.3 Significance of Research The research holds immense significance in the contemporary landscape of humanitarian aid and global crises. This study area is pivotal because it can revolutionise how NGOs deliver

aid, respond to emergencies, and enhance their operations. The application of IT in humanitarian logistics significantly improves the efficiency of aid delivery ( Celik and Gumus,2018 ). NGOs often face the daunting task of coordinating resources, personnel, and relief supplies across borders and in remote or disaster-stricken regions. Information technology, such as advanced tracking systems, real-time data analytics, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enables NGOs to monitor the movement of goods and resources, identify bottlenecks, and make real- time decisions to optimise aid allocation. This efficiency ensures that aid reaches beneficiaries faster, reducing suffering and saving lives. The effective utilisation of IT in humanitarian logistics is closely tied to cost- effectiveness. NGOs typically operate with limited budgets, and any savings on operational costs is redirected towards more aid provision. IT tools help streamline supply chain management, reduce wastage, and prevent fraud or mismanagement of resources. By improving resource allocation and accountability, IT contributes to making the most of the funds available, ultimately benefiting the beneficiaries in dire need of assistance ( Ojwang,2016 ). The research in this field is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of humanitarian operations. Effective logistics and supply chain management are pivotal in ensuring that aid is delivered where needed most. It enables NGOs to gather and analyse vast amounts of data, including information on local needs, infrastructure, and potential risks. By leveraging this data, NGOs make informed decisions and adapt their strategies to the specific context, ensuring that aid is tailored to the local population's requirements. It improves communication and collaboration between NGOs, government agencies, and other stakeholders, allowing for a more coordinated and effective response to humanitarian crises.

how specific IT applications, such as supply chain management software, GPS tracking, and data analytics, can optimise NGO logistics processes. The effectiveness of humanitarian efforts is significantly increased through the integration of IT in logistics. Timely and accurate information is crucial in decision-making and resource allocation during emergencies. IT systems provide NGOs with a wealth of data, including geographical information, needs assessments, and beneficiary profiles. By analysing this information, organisations can better target their assistance and allocate resources efficiently, thus improving the overall effectiveness of their operations ( Chandes and Paché, 2010 ). This research delves into the potential of IT in enhancing situational awareness and decision-making processes within humanitarian logistics, ultimately leading to more impactful interventions. The research in this area is essential because it helps international NGOs overcome some of the unique challenges they face in humanitarian logistics. These challenges include the need for rapid response, the necessity of working in unpredictable environments, and the coordination of diverse stakeholders. It provides a common platform for communication, data sharing, and collaboration, mitigating these challenges. For instance, cloud-based systems and mobile applications can facilitate real-time communication among team members and between NGOs, governments, and local communities, ensuring a coordinated response ( Chung et al.,2013 ). Assessing the impact of IT on humanitarian logistics is also significant due to the increasing complexity of global crises. Climate change, urbanisation, and protracted conflicts create more frequent and severe disasters. International NGOs are pressured to adapt and improve their logistical capabilities in this context. IT systems offer a means to cope with this growing complexity by enhancing humanitarian operations' visibility, control, and adaptability.

This research is vital because it can have far-reaching implications for resource allocation and donor confidence. NGOs often rely on donor funding to carry out their operations. Demonstrating improved efficiency and effectiveness through IT can attract more funding, as donors are more likely to invest in organisations known for achieving impactful outcomes. Thus, the research can provide a compelling rationale for NGOs to invest in IT and demonstrate the return on investment to their donors. 1.5 Research Aim The aim of research focused on assessing the impact of information technology on the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistics in international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is multifaceted. Primarily, it seeks to enhance the understanding of how IT solutions can optimise the delivery of aid and relief in disaster-stricken areas, conflict zones, and underprivileged regions. By evaluating technology integration in logistics, the research aims to identify best practices, cost-effective strategies, and potential challenges to streamline operations. Furthermore, it strives to uncover ways to leverage digital tools for better coordination, resource allocation, and real-time data sharing among NGOs, fostering more responsive and impactful humanitarian efforts on a global scale. Ultimately, the research seeks to improve the outcomes and lives of those in need. 1.6 Research Objectives  Identify best practices and strategies for effectively using information technology in humanitarian logistics operations.  To investigate the role of information technology in enhancing coordination and collaboration among various stakeholders in humanitarian logistics

2 Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In assessing the impact of information technology on the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistics in international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), this introduction is the foundation for understanding the broader research landscape, according to Lawrence,2018 . The use of information technology in humanitarian logistics has become increasingly pervasive in recent years, revolutionising how international NGOs deliver aid and support to populations in need ( Ojwang,2016 ). As technology advances, it is essential to comprehend its role in shaping the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian operations. According to Schumann -Bölsche (2018), the influence of information technology on humanitarian logistics can be observed on a global scale. For example, countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have been at the forefront of integrating cutting-edge technologies like Geographic Information Systems (GIS), supply chain management software, and data analytics into their humanitarian efforts. According to Thomas (2018 ), the technologies have improved the real-time tracking of relief supplies, optimised routes for aid delivery, and enhanced communication within NGOs and between stakeholders. These areas have harnessed mobile applications for data collection, remote monitoring, and communication to improve crisis response times ( Howden,2009 ). Such applications enable NGOs to assess needs, allocate resources efficiently, and coordinate efforts, ultimately benefiting the affected populations. 2.2 The Role of International NGOs in Humanitarian Operations According to Ugandan (2019), t he role of International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) in humanitarian operations has evolved significantly over the years. This review focuses on assessing the impact of information technology on the efficiency and effectiveness of

humanitarian logistics within international INGOs. According to Moore, Eng and Daniel (2003 ), information technology plays a crucial role in enhancing humanitarian logistics globally; hence, it is vital to recognise that INGOs play a crucial role in providing humanitarian aid to vulnerable populations in various countries worldwide and the efficient use of information technology significantly enhance their ability to respond effectively to crises. One remarkable example is the work of Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) in conflict zones such as South Sudan and Syria, as stated by Mills (2005 ). These INGOs use advanced information systems to track medical supplies and personnel, enabling them to respond quickly to emergencies, even in highly challenging environments. Real-time data analytics help optimise the allocation of resources and enhance overall operational efficiency. Another illustrative case is the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), which employs information technology to improve food distribution in various countries, including Yemen and South Sudan ( Okumu,2003 ). Their "SCOPE" system allows beneficiaries to receive cash assistance electronically, facilitating more efficient aid delivery and reducing the risk of corruption. In the Philippines, where natural disasters are frequent, organisations like the Philippine Red Cross have employed information technology to enhance disaster response efforts, according to Irrera (2011 ). Based on this review, the incorporation of information technology in NGOs plays a very crucial role in enhancing the humanitarian operation in society 2.3 Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework for research is crucial in providing a structured foundation for research. Information technology (IT) is pivotal in enhancing the logistics operations of international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the humanitarian sector. The framework suggests that the perceived ease of use and usefulness of IT systems significantly

Figure 1:Technology Acceptance Model (TAM ) ( Davis, 1989 ) 2.3.2 Resource-Based View (RBV) The Resource-Based View (RBV) is a theoretical framework widely used in strategic management and organisational theory. It focuses on the internal resources and capabilities of an organisation as critical determinants of its competitive advantage and overall performance ( Madhani,2010 ). In the context of assessing the impact of information technology (IT) on the efficiency and effectiveness of humanitarian logistics in international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), RBV can provide valuable insights ( Madhani,2010 ). RBV suggests that organisations can gain a competitive advantage by leveraging their unique and valuable resources, which include IT infrastructure, systems, and the knowledge and skills of their personnel.

Figure 2:Resource-Based View (RBV) ( Madhani,2010 ) 2.4 Integration of Information Systems in NGO Operations Incorporating information technology within the operational framework of Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) is of utmost importance in bolstering the efficacy and proficiency of global humanitarian logistics (Warsame, 2013). The research concentrates on practical implementations of information technology in many countries, as outlined by Porter et al. (2022). In humanitarian logistics, the utilisation of information technology plays a pivotal role in the effective management of the supply chain, allocation of resources, and coordination of responses during endeavours related to disaster relief. The implementation of information technology has had a significant influence on the socio-economic landscape of Kenya. Kenyan non-governmental organisations (NGOs), such as the Kenya Red Cross, have effectively utilised mobile technologies and cloud-based platforms to

information technology (IT) into the operational frameworks of international non-governmental organisations (NGOs). One of the primary obstacles encountered by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) is the digital divide. This disparity is particularly evident in certain nations, particularly those in the Global South (Scholten, Sharkey Scott, & Fynes, 2010). In sub- Saharan Africa, adopting IT solutions for humanitarian logistics poses significant challenges due to inadequate access to the Internet and basic IT infrastructure in most regions. According to Mierzwa and Scott, 2017 in conflict-ridden areas or places characterised by significant instability, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) frequently encounter difficulties with data breaches and cyberattacks. This poses a risk to sensitive information and can potentially interrupt operations. It is crucial to implement sufficient measures and allocate investments in the field of cybersecurity in order to effectively address and reduce these risks (Frennesson et al., 2021). Another obstacle to adoption is the requirement for enhancing organisational capabilities and fostering digital literacy among non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the local communities they cater to. Numerous nations, particularly those situated in Southeast Asia, exhibit considerable promise in the field of information technology (IT). However, the efficacy of humanitarian logistics can be impeded by the scarcity of proficient individuals capable of effectively managing and sustaining IT systems. The integration of information technology (IT) into humanitarian logistics has the potential to introduce significant disruptions to conventional processes and encounter opposition from personnel and local collaborators. The phenomenon described has been documented in other nations, such as Haiti, where the implementation of information technology (IT) systems to manage relief operations faced opposition stemming from apprehensions regarding employment stability and the process of transitioning to unfamiliar technologies (Tapia et al., 2012). Non-

governmental organisations (NGOs) should prioritise the adoption of change management methods in order to facilitate the process of transition and guarantee the successful execution of initiatives. 2.6 Humanitarian Supply Chain Management Ryfman (2007) asserts that the advent of information technology has brought about a significant transformation in the functioning of humanitarian supply chains. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are more dependent on advanced information technology (IT) systems in order to optimise their operational processes and enhance their capacity to address emergencies with greater efficiency. An exemplary instance is the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), which functions in over 80 nations (Ferris, 2013). The organisation utilises information technology solutions such as the Humanitarian Response Depot Network, which leverages technology to optimise inventory management and enable real-time tracking of relief items. This implementation facilitates the effective distribution of aid in countries affected by disasters. The utilisation of information technology (IT) in humanitarian logistics exhibits a greater degree of comprehensiveness compared to its application in large businesses. Smaller non- governmental organisations (NGOs), such as Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), have also adopted and incorporated technology into their operations (Kaloudis, 2017). In regions such as South Sudan, where healthcare accessibility is frequently hindered by conflict and inadequate infrastructure, the implementation of electronic health records, telemedicine, and mobile applications has been employed to improve patient care and facilitate the coordination of medical resources. In the aftermath of the catastrophic earthquake in Nepal in 2015, non- governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the Red Cross employed Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to delineate the impacted regions and facilitate the effective allocation of relief