LING201finalexamfall2023

Final Exam Linguistics 201 Fall 2023 Instructions: You have 3 hours (180 minutes) to complete this exam. You may consult the textbooks, lecture notes, video lectures, or any other course material that we have provided to you while working on this exam. However, you may NOT discuss the content of this exam with anyone else, including the other students in the class. You must answer each question independently. If you discuss this exam with anyone else, you will receive a 0 on the exam. You may submit your responses to this exam in any digital format that works for you, so long as we are able to read it. This may include just filling in the responses in this Word document and sending it back to us; printing out the document, writing in your answers by hand, scanning the printed pages and sending the scans to us; writing out your answers separately in another document, etc. Please submit your completed exam to the dropbox on the D2L site for the course when you are finished. The 3-hour deadline is a hard deadline for the exam. It is okay if you submit a partially completed exam before the deadline. You may submit the exam to the dropbox on D2L more than once, updating as you go, or changing your answers to previous answers as you go. We will grade the last version of each answer that you submitted. You will receive a 0 for any questions that you do not answer prior to the deadline. If you do not submit your exam at all before the deadline, you will receive a 0 for the entire exam. If you have timing accommodations for this course, then we will automatically adjust for those when evaluating your responses to the exam. (If you do have accommodations, then you'll have to keep track of your own time limits during the exam independently.) If you have questions about any of the items in this exam, you may contact me at swinters@ucalgary.ca, or you can contact your TA at either charys.russell@ucalgary.ca. We will try our best to respond quickly but cannot promise that we will be immediately available to respond to your questions for all of the five-day exam period. If you are sincerely uncertain about something in the exam, we recommend that you write the content of your question into your response for the question. Knowing what question you had in mind, we will do our best to evaluate your response accordingly. These links may be of use to you as you complete the exam: http://www.uofclinguistics.org/201/handouts/FinalFeatureSheets2020.pdf https://ironcreek.net/syntaxtree/ https://ipa.typeit.org/full/ Good luck! -Prof. Steve 1

1. Matching (10 points) In the blank next to each numbered word/phrase, write the letter of the word/phrase from the list below that it defines. A. Performative B. Specifier C. Extension D. Epenthesis E. Sonorants F. Contradiction G. Modifier H. Metathesis I. Onset J. Deletion K. Transitive L. Complement M. Intension N. Suprasegmentals O. Sub-category P. Phonotactics Q. Coda R. Matrix clause S. Derivation T. Causative U. Intransitive V. Obstruents W. Rhyme X. Assimilation Y. Tautology Z. Embedded clause AA. Head 1. ____ A sentence that cannot be true in any possible world. 2. ____ A verb that must take a direct object. 3. ____ Rules which determine how a language puts sounds together in syllables 4. ____ The only obligatory element in a syntactic phrase 5. ____ Phonological process in which a sound is inserted into a word 6. ____ Sound (or sounds) which follow the nucleus in a syllable 7. ____ Set of entities picked out by an expression in one possible world 8. ____ Phonological process in which the order of sounds is reversed 9. ____ A sister of the head node in a syntactic phrase 10. ____ Sounds which are difficult to voice; includes stops, fricatives and affricates 2

c. [3 points] [k] and [c] d. [3 points] [x] and [ç] Part 2. [2 points] Write a general rule that will account for all of the alternations for the sounds [k], [c], [x] and [ç] in Greek. You may write out this rule using either descriptive phonetic terms or distinctive feature notation; in either case, try to write the rule as clearly and as succinctly as you can! 4

3. Phonological Analysis: Maltese (6 points total) Maltese is a Semitic language spoken on the island of Malta, in the Mediterranean. The data below shows how Maltese forms the definite form of various nouns. The definite marker is shown in bold . Examine the data and then answer the questions that follow. Indefinite Definite [fellus] 'chicken' [ il fellus] 'the chicken' [aria] 'air' [ l aria] 'the air' [mara] 'woman' [ il mara] 'the woman' [omm] 'mother' [ l omm] 'the mother' [kelb] 'dog' [ il kelb] 'the dog' [abt] 'armpit' [ l abt] 'the armpit' [ ʔ attus] 'cat' [ il ʔ attus] 'the cat' [ispaniol] 'Spanish' [ l ispaniol] 'the Spanish (language)' i. What determines whether the form of the definite marker is [l] or [il]? (2 points) Now look at the following indefinite and definite nouns in Maltese. Indefinite Definite [ti:n] 'fig' [ it ti:n] 'the fig' [dawl] 'a light' [ id dawl] 'the light' [zift] 'a pitch' [ iz zift] 'the pitch' [natura] 'nature' [ in natura] 'the nature' ii. The definite marker has a different form in these words. What is the name of the phonological process that has changed its shape? (1 point) iii. What is the natural class of sounds that induces this phonological change in the definite marker? (1 point) 5

5. Syntax: Tree Diagrams (15 points) Draw tree diagrams for three of the following six sentences. Make sure you explicitly diagram the entire tree structure; i.e., do not abbreviate anything! 1. Bilbo found his keys but lost his wallet. 2. The carpenter put her hammer on the workbench. 3. The doctor worried that he would be really late. 4. Eowyn was running around the block. 5. Those protesters often claim that smoking is dangerous. 6. My brother likes movies with suspense and intrigue. 7

6. Ambiguity (6 points) State whether the ambiguity in each of the following sentences is lexical or structural. Then explain the ambiguity by clearly describing the alternative interpretations of each sentence. i. I like funny stories and poems. ii. I waved to the woman on the train. iii. A linguist walked into a bar. 8

8. Lexical Semantics (4 points) Consider the following possible world of subjects and predicates: Apu Marge is male Bart is female Lisa is a Simpson Answer the following questions with respect to this possible world only . Please note that nothing else exists in this world other than the predicates and entities represented above. i. Which of the following sentences is false? A. Bart is male. C. Marge is a Simpson. B. Apu is a Simpson. D. Lisa is female. ii. Which of the following sentences is true? A. All of the Simpsons are males. C. All of the Simpsons are females. B. All of the males are Simpsons. D. All of the females are Simpsons. iii. What relationship do the males have with the females? A. Hyponym C. Scalar Antonym B. Complementary Antonym D. Synonym iv. What relationship do the females have with the Simpsons? A. Hyponym C. Scalar Antonym B. Complementary Antonym D. Synonym 10

9. Thematic Relations (6 points) For each of the sentences below, state what thematic role is being played by the underlined noun phrase. a. The director felt sick. b. The Lexus was purchased by that movie star . c. The burglar smashed the window with a brick . d. We got some good news from Ottawa . e. The watch was found under a cushion. f. Karen cycled from Seattle to Kelowna . 10. Lexical Semantics (5 points) What are the semantic relationships between the following pairs of words? a. small - large b. sea - see c. happy - joyous d. molar - tooth e. husband - wife 11

12. Maxims of Conversation [6 points] For each of the following exchanges, state which of the maxims of conversation is being flouted by the second speaker, and explain what the second speaker is indirectly implying by flouting that maxim. (i) Gandalf: How is your research project going? Saruman: Guess what? My brother called me yesterday. Flouted Maxim: _______________________ Implication: (ii) Merry: Have you ever thought about getting a new job? Pippin: Don’t be silly. I love working 80 hours a week with no vacation! Flouted Maxim: ________________________ Implication: (iii) Aragorn: Excuse me, do you know how to get to the mall? Legolas: Sure! Drive your car or take a bus. Flouted Maxim: _______________________ Implication: 13

13. Extra credit bonus question! (2 points) In English, are the sounds [h] and [ŋ] contrastive phonemes or allophones of the same phoneme? If they are contrastive phonemes, provide a minimal pair which shows the contrast between the two. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, describe the environment(s) in which each allophone appears. [ hæv ə gʊd brejk !] 14