Arminante_final

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com  TYPE YOUR NAME HERE: Carmela Arminante Instructions:  Please answer the questions below. For multiple choice questions, you should highlight your chosen answer in RED font . For essay questions, you should just type your answer into the Word document.  You can use your books and class readings, but you mustn’t consult anyone.  Please complete, and then send to me by 11:59pm, Friday December 15 th . Multiple Choice Questions (2 points each): 1. What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary ? a. That languages have rules. b. That we cannot predict what a word will mean from the way it sounds. c. That speakers agree on the meanings of words. d. That languages are passed down from one generation to the next. 2. What do linguists think about non-standard forms of language? a. That they are not as interesting as standard forms. b. That people should try to use them as little as possible. c. That they are having a negative effect on language. d. That they are as important as standard forms. 3. Which of the followings statements is true about the prescriptive rules ? a. They are unconscious. b. They are of great interest to linguists. c. They are found in style manuals. d. They are never broken. [Please turn over] 4. Which of the following statements is/are true about the sound /p/? Highlight all that apply in red font . 1

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com a. It is a stop. b. It is labiodental. c. It is voiceless. d. It is a nasal. e. It is velar. 5. Which of the following statements is/are true about the sound /r/? Highlight all that apply in red font . a. It is bilabial. b. It is voiced. c. It is alveolar. d. It is glottal. e. It is dental. 6. Which of the following words contain(s) a nasal sound ? Highlight all that apply in red font . a. pencil b. dog c. shoe d. smart e. computer 7. Which of the following words contain(s) an alveolar sound ? Highlight all that apply in red font . a. map b. tea c. lamp d. pen e. sheep [Please turn over] 8. How many morphemes are there in the word repainted (as in I’ve just repainted the house )? 2

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com a. Blending b. Clipping c. Backformation d. Acronym e. Compounding 13. Which word formation process does the word Sam (short form for Samantha ) illustrate? a. Blending b. Clipping c. Backformation d. Acronym e. Compounding 14. Which of the following sentences is structurally ambiguous ? a. I went to the bank . b. I cannot see the band . c. He likes white cats and dogs . d. My brother is an only child . 15. What is the category of the word dress in the sentence The student bought a black dress ? a. Article/Determiner b. Noun c. Adjective d. Verb e. Preposition [Please turn over] 16. What is the category of the word bought in the sentence The student bought a black dress ? 4

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com a. Article/Determiner b. Noun c. Adjective d. Verb e. Preposition 17. What is the category of the word black in the sentence The student bought a black dress ? a. Article/Determiner b. Noun c. Adjective d. Verb e. Preposition 18. What is the category of the word a in the sentence The student bought a black dress ? a. Article/Determiner b. Noun c. Adjective d. Verb e. Preposition 19. Which of the following strings are constituents in the sentence The little girl was cuddling a brown teddy bear ? Highlight all that apply in red font . a. the little girl b. was cuddling a c. girl was cuddling d. cuddling a brown teddy bear e. a brown teddy bear f. a brown [Please turn over] 20. What process has taken place from the Latin word sch ola [sk] to the Spanish word esc uela [esk]? 5

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com 23. Look at the Japanese sentence below, its corresponding gloss (second line), and its translation (third line). Determine its word order (S = Subject, V = Verb, O = Object) Gakusei-ga hon-o yonda  Japanese sentence (first line) student book read  Gloss (second line) ‘The student read a book.’  Translation of the Japanese sentence into English (third line) a. SVO b. SOV c. VSO d. VOS e. OSV f. OVS 24. Look at the Irish Gaelic sentence below, its corresponding gloss (second line), and its translation (third line). Determine its word order (S = Subject, V = Verb, O = Object). Chonaic mé mo mháthair  Irish Gaelic sentence (first line) saw I my mother  Gloss (second line) ‘I saw my mother.’  Translation of the Irish Gaelic sentence into English (third line) a. SVO b. SOV c. VSO d. VOS e. OSV f. OVS 25. What does the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis claim? a. That language determines thought. b. That language influences thought. c. That language and thought are completely independent. d. None of the above. [Please turn over] 7

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com 26. What does Harrison think about the relationship between language and thought ? a. That the language we speak limits what we can think. b. That there can be thought without language. c. That language and thought are the same thing. d. That language can help us focus on certain aspects of the world we had not noticed before. 27. Which of the following statements best summarizes Harrison’s view on language ? a. Language is a formal of system of abstract rules. b. Language cannot be studied independently from the life and culture of its speakers. c. Language death is part of the cycle of life and should be accepted. d. People should be encouraged to shift to dominant languages. 28. What is a language hotspot , according to Harrison? a. An area where many dominant languages are spoken. b. An area where a lot of linguistic research is being carried out. c. An area threatened by linguistic extinction. d. An area where many languages are being born. 29. Which of the following statements is/are true about the three-generation-language shift ? Highlight all that apply in red font . a. The first generation is monolingual. b. The second generation is bilingual. c. The third generation can speak three languages. d. The third generation cannot understand their grandparents. [Please turn over] 8

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com 34. Which of the following statement is true about the sign language the deaf children in Nicaragua were taught? a. The children felt it was too hard. b. The children were not interested in it. c. It was not a real sign language but a code. d. The children picked it up immediately. 35. What does the term economic wave refer to? a. The benefits of being bilingual. b. The shift to a minority language to learn about its culture. c. The money spent by governments to save endangered languages. d. The shift to a dominant language due to the economic opportunities this language has to offer. Essay Questions (10 points each): 1. LANGUAGE MYTH ‘They speak really bad English down south.’ Argue against the myth above. To structure your discussion, think about who decides what “bad English” is. Include in your argumentation the concepts of PRESCRIPTIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE RULES and POWER AND PRESTIGE . The statement "They speak really bad English down south" maintains a linguistic myth by imposing subjective judgments on a regional variation of English. Language is inherently diverse, with variations shaped by cultural and regional influences. What some might perceive as "bad English" is often a reflection of linguistic diversity rather than a deficiency. Prescriptive rules, which label certain forms as correct or incorrect, are social constructs influenced by power dynamics and societal norms. Descriptive linguistics, on the other hand, recognizes the validity of diverse linguistic expressions. It is crucial to appreciate linguistic diversity and avoid stigmatizing regional accents or dialects. Embracing language variations contributes to a more inclusive understanding of communication and challenges arbitrary notions of linguistic superiority. The notion that individuals in a particular region speak "bad English" is a subjective judgment often rooted in prescriptive rules that prescribe a particular language use. Prescriptive rules, 10

Final Exam LING 101 Fall 2023 Due: December 15 by 11:59pm via email to ling101csi.a@gmail.com dictated by language authorities, may favor certain dialects or accents as prestigious while deeming others inferior. However, linguists emphasize the importance of descriptive rules that recognize the validity of diverse linguistic forms. Language is a dynamic system, and variations are natural. Write about 120 words . 2. SPEAKING MORE THAN ONE LANGUAGE A friend of yours has just moved from Italy to the US with a 1-year-old son. She/he is wondering whether to continue speaking to her/his child in Italian or to start speaking to him only in English. Write a short email to your friend giving her/him your advice on what you think she/he should do. Support your position with the discussion in our blog number 12, The Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism , and any other course materials you consider relevant. Subject: Advice on Raising a Bilingual Child Dear Isabella, I hope the move has been smooth for you and the little one! I'd recommend continuing to speak Italian to your son. Exposure to multiple languages from an early age enhances cognitive flexibility, problem-solving skills, and even cultural awareness. Children are remarkably adept at learning languages, and raising your son with Italian will not only preserve his connection to your heritage but also provide long-term cognitive benefits. Starting early with both languages will allow your son to effortlessly absorb the linguistic nuances. Remember, bilingualism does not hinder language development; rather, it enriches it. If you need more resources or support, feel free to ask. Best of luck! Warm regards, Carmela Arminante. Write about 120 words. [Please turn over] 3. LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT  Present at least three arguments why endangered languages should be saved.  Give at least two examples of concrete efforts that are being made to save endangered languages. Three arguments as to why endangered languages should be saved are cultural heritage preservation, biodiversity of thought, and community identity and social well- 11