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“Question: When is a dollar more than a dollar?
“Answer: When it’s used in Levittown, the most perfectly planned community in America!
“Anybody can build a house and charge a lot of money for it. But it’s news—big news—when
you can find a house
. . . to buy for only $8,990. It’s a beauty with 3 and a half delightful rooms.
“PLUS professionally landscaped grounds
. . . .
“PLUS a complete bath with a tub, toilet, shower, basin . . .
“PLUS . . . all-steel kitchen cabinets, a stainless steel sink . . .
“PLUS free use of Levittown’s championship swimming pools,
“PLUS free use of all playgrounds, baseball fields, play areas
. . . .
“So if you don’t want to be disappointed, come out as soon as you can—today if possible.”
Advertisement for Levitt and Sons housing development in Levittown, Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia Inquirer, 1951
1. The advertisement best provides evidence for which of the following developments in the
1950s?
A.
The increase in homogeneity in postwar society
B.
The efforts by civil rights activists to oppose segregation
C. The rejection by some artists and intellectuals of mass culture
D. The spread of fear of communist infiltration of the federal government
2. The ideas in the advertisement most likely had limited appeal for which of the following
groups?
A.
Marketers and salespeople
B.
Married homemakers and parents
C. Managers and professionals employed by corporations
D. Rebellious young people uncomfortable with conformity
3. According to the graph above, the largest decrease in the percent of Americans living below
the poverty line accompanied which of the following federal policy initiatives?
A.
The New Deal
B.
The Fair Deal
C. The Great Society
D. Supply-side economics
E.
Welfare to Work
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“How many times have you heard the story that we cleaned up Pittsburgh years ago? Do you
know that Pittsburgh air is far more dangerous to breathe now[?]... The danger is the gas you do
not see—the sulfur dioxide that our environmental scientists tell us is increasing.”
Public service announcement script, Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP), Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, 1970 “Mothers are all alike. They spend most of the day washing clothes,
washing dishes, washing diapers, dusting and cleaning and scrubbing. A clean house means a
clean family. But what about the air? Is someone else out there scrubbing and cleaning the air?
Don’t hold your breath! FIGHT FOR IT. Attend the public meeting.”
Public service announcement script, Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP), Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, 1970
4. Throughout United States history, which of the following groups most typically opposed the
perspectives expressed in the public service announcements?
A.
Urban political leaders
B.
Advocates for greater economic equality
C. Members of organized labor unions
D. Business executives concerned about economic growth
5. The perspectives expressed in the public service announcements suggest that popular
interest in environmental issues such as smog control emerged most directly from
A.
growing concerns about population pressures in major industrial cities
B.
a greater awareness of the impacts of abuses of natural resources
C. the heightened atmosphere of crisis caused by price inflation and a stagnant economy
D. the expansion of suburbs, which was allowing middle-class residents to move out of
cities
“Current sit-ins and other demonstrations are concerned with something much bigger than a
hamburger
....
Whatever may be the difference in approach to their goal... students, North and
South, are seeking to rid America of the scourge of... discrimination—not only at lunch counters,
but in every aspect of life.”
Ella Baker, “Bigger Than a Hamburger,” Raleigh, NC, 1960
6. The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments during the
1960s?
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A.
New demands for economic rights by Latino Americans
B.
Efforts to combat racism in the labor movement
C. Increased conflict over the role of women in society
D. Growing pressure to eliminate racial inequalities in society
7. The tactics described in the excerpt best represent which of the following?
A.
Filing legal challenges
B.
Using nonviolence
C. Learning self-defense
D. Petitioning government officials
8. The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to the
A.
desegregation of the armed services
B.
ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
C. passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
D. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
“One of the tragedies of the struggle against racism is that up to now there has been no national
organization which could speak to the growing militancy of young black people in the urban
ghetto. There has been only a civil rights movement whose tone of voice was adapted to an
audience of liberal whites. It served as a sort of buffer zone between them and angry young
blacks
. . . .
“An organization which claims to speak for the needs of a community—as does the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee—must speak in the tone of that community, not as
somebody else's buffer zone
. . . .
“The need for psychological equality is the reason why SNCC
today believes that blacks must organize in the black community. Only black people can convey
the revolutionary idea that black people are able to do things themselves. Only they can help
create in the community an aroused and continuing black consciousness that will provide the
basis for political strength.”
Stokely Carmichael, “What We Want,” 1966
9. The ideas expressed in the excerpt arose most directly in reaction to which of the following?
A.
A Supreme Court decision that ordered the desegregation of public schools
B.
Persecution of African American labor union organizers during the Red Scare
C. Discrimination and disenfranchisement that continued despite legislative gains
D. An increase in conservative political activism by Black evangelical churches
10. Which of the following factors was most likely responsible for the change in Chicago’s
population from 1950 to 1990 ?
A.
Migration to the suburbs and surrounding regions
B.
Federal policies discouraging immigration
C. Decreasing birth rates among city dwellers
D. Continued racial discrimination in urban public housing
“We must have tax reform. The method of raising revenue ought not to impede the transaction
of business; it ought to encourage it. I am opposed to extremely high rates, because they
produce little or no revenue, because they are bad for the country, and, finally, because they are
wrong. We cannot finance the country, we cannot improve social conditions, through any system
of injustice, even if we attempt to inflict it upon the rich. Those who suffer the most harm will be
the poor
. . . .
The wise and correct course to follow in taxation and all other economic legislation
is not to destroy those who have already secured success but to create conditions under which
everyone will have a better chance to be successful.”
President Calvin Coolidge, inaugural address, 1925
11. The ideas expressed in the excerpt by Coolidge were most similar to the ideas of which of
the following?
A.
Anti-imperialists in the 1890s
B.
New Dealers in the 1930s
C. Great Society supporters in the 1960s
D. New conservatives in the 1980s
“In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence,
whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous
rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
“We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic
processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can
compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our
peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.”
President Dwight Eisenhower, farewell address, 1961
12. Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments Eisenhower warned
“we must guard against”?
A.
The internment of Japanese Americans
B.
The increased employment of women in defense manufacturing
C. The growth of the nuclear arsenal
D. The desire to protect oil supplies in the Middle East
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13. Which of the following best characterizes the military-industrial complex in the decade
following Eisenhower’s speech?
A.
Popular protest forced greater separation between the military and industry.
B.
Private industry lost significant influence with the federal government.
C. The military lost significant influence in the federal government.
D. The concerns about the military and industry largely persisted.
“The Republican electoral triumph in 2004 was the culmination of a half-century of struggle by
the Right to achieve political power in the United States. In the immediate aftermath of the
Second World War, a small band of intellectuals launched a movement to stop what they saw as
the advance of the collectivist state embodied in modern liberalism and the New Deal political
order. They were joined by anti-Communist activists across grassroots America
. . . .
In their
struggle against the dominant liberal state, conservatives gained control of the Republican party
by defeating its liberal eastern wing.”
Donald T. Critchlow, historian, The Conservative Ascendancy: How the GOP Right Made
Political History, 2007
14. The new conservative movement most consistently criticized modern liberalism by claiming
that it
A.
threatened traditional visions of morality
B.
engaged in imperialist expansionism abroad
C. ignored racial discrimination and poverty at home
D. devoted too few resources to alleviating poverty
“[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted...a secure country. Security would enable
them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peace
....
And so they adhered to an
overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment
....
Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents
and marginalized its detractors
....
[C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy,
personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home
....
Vast numbers of
American women and men during the early years of the cold war...got married, moved to the
suburbs, and had babies
....
[Few] were willing to give up the rewards of conforming for the risks
of resisting the domestic path.”
Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988
15. A desire for greater national security in the United States emerged immediately after the
Second World War because of fear of which of the following?
A.
The spread of international communism
B.
Decolonization in Africa and Asia
C. The emergence of détente
D. Oil crises in the Middle East
16. The rise of what the excerpt describes as “domestic containment” most directly contributed
to which of the following characteristics of United States society during the period?
A.
White Southern resistance to school integration
B.
Greater cultural homogeneity
C. Evangelical Protestant churches’ increased political engagement
D. The popularity of liberal politics
“Resolved, That the Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. [Joseph] McCarthy . . . repeatedly abused the
subcommittee and its members who were trying to carry out assigned duties, thereby
obstructing the constitutional processes of the Senate, and that this conduct of the Senator from
Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy, is contrary to senatorial traditions and is hereby condemned.
“Sec 2. The Senator from Wisconsin, Mr. McCarthy . . . in stating to the public press on
November 13, 1954, that the chairman of the Select Committee (Mr. Watkins) was guilty of ‘the
most unusual, most cowardly things I've ever heard of’ and . . . in characterizing the said
committee as the ‘unwitting handmaiden,’ ‘involuntary agent’ and ‘attorneys-in-fact’ of the
Communist Party and in charging that the said committee in writing its report ‘imitated
Communist methods’ . . . acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into
dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its
dignity; and such conduct is hereby condemned.”
United States Senate Resolution 301, 1954
17. The excerpt could best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the following?
A.
The expansion of suburbs
B.
The decline of the Red Scare
C. The emergence of the Soviet Union
D. The development of a counterculture movement
“A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what
Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate
future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies
. . . .
It is my
duty . . . to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the
Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern
Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these
famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all
are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in many
cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone—Greece with its immortal
glories —is free to decide its future at an election under British, American, and French
observation
. . . .
The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of
Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking
everywhere to obtain totalitarian control.” Former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill,
speaking at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri,
“Sinews of Peace,” (better known as the “Iron Curtain Speech”), 1946
18. An important way in which the situation described in the excerpt was significant was that it
A.
highlighted a view of communism as an authoritarian threat
B.
celebrated the Allies’ victory over the Axis powers in the Second World War
C. suggested concerns about communist subversion in the United States
D. encouraged direct military confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union
19. Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech helped mark the beginning of which of the
following developments?
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A.
The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union
B.
United States efforts to counteract Soviet influence by sending troops into Eastern
Europe
C. United States campaigns to support democratic movements in Latin America
D. Soviet Union efforts to extend its influence into the countries of Western Europe
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“Europe’s requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential
products—principally from America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that
she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of
a very grave character
....
It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to
assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no
political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or
doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival
of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social
conditions in which free institutions can exist.”
Speech by Secretary of State George Marshall initiating the aid program known as the Marshall
Plan, 1947
20. The Marshall Plan most directly resulted from which of the following?
A.
A foreign policy based on the collective security of noncommunist nations
B.
A strategy focused on promoting the development of a suburban society
C. Conservatives’ fears of domestic unrest and challenges to the traditional social order
D. The effort to create alliances with newly decolonized countries around the world
21. The policies advocated by Marshall had most in common with which of the following
developments in other periods in United States history?
A.
The expansion of a market economy in the early 1800s, which shaped a distinctive
middle class
B.
The attempts by the federal government to foster economic opportunities for former
slaves after the Civil War
C. The emergence of political machines in the late 1800s, which provided economic and
social services to urban residents
D. The forcing of American Indians onto reservations by the United States government
following the extension of White settlement
“The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful
potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores...but rather because of the traitorous actions
of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or
members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have
had the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer...the finest homes, the finest
college education, and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in
the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their
mouths are the ones who have been most traitorous.”
Senator Joseph McCarthy, speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, 1950
22. The political climate during McCarthy’s era had the most in common with which of the
following?
A.
The efforts to limit immigrants’ political and economic power in the 1840s and 1850s
B.
The attacks on radicals and immigrants following the First World War
C. The isolationism in United States foreign policy during the 1930s
D. The decline in public confidence and trust in government in the 1970s
23. Which of the following statements would best describe the point being made in the cartoon
above about Richard Nixon’s administration?
A.
In order for integration policies to work, Nixon needed to pick up the support of the silent
majority.
B.
The Nixon administration was arguing that integration was no longer a relevant policy.
C. Nixon was reversing progress toward integration made in the 1960s.
D. Nixon needed to attract more Black votes in order to move forward in civil rights.
E.
Nixon supported busing as a means to integration.
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“[W]e must, by means of a rapid and sustained build-up of the political, economic, and military
strength of the free world, and by means of an affirmative program intended to wrest the
initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it with convincing evidence of the determination and
ability of the free world to frustrate the Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will. Such
evidence is the only means short of war which eventually may force the Kremlin to abandon its
present course of action and to negotiate acceptable agreements on issues of major
importance. “The whole success of the proposed program hangs ultimately on recognition by
this Government, the American people, and all free peoples, that the cold war is in fact a real
war in which the survival of the free world is at stake
....
The prosecution of the program will
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require of us all the ingenuity, sacrifice, and unity demanded by the vital importance of the issue
and the tenacity to persevere until our national objectives have been attained.”
NSC-68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security, 1950
24. The policies expressed in the excerpt contributed most directly to debates in the United
States about the
A.
response to decolonization
B.
role of the president in setting foreign policy
C. best means to combat communism
D. mass mobilization of civilian resources
25. Which of the following United States actions most directly resulted from the goals expressed
in the excerpt?
A.
Passage of new immigration laws
B.
Intervention in the conflict in Korea
C. Application of federal power to try to end poverty
D. Investigations to find communist subversives in government jobs
26. The Civil Rights movement of the late 1960s was characterized by which of the following?
A.
The establishment of the Back to Africa movement
B.
A growing split between those who advocated nonviolence and those who favored more
aggressive tactics to achieve civil rights
C. Widespread support by southern Whites who had initially resisted the movement
D. A sharp drop in participation and interest in voter registration drives and other
equal-access efforts in the rural South
E.
Strong support for the women’s rights movement
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“[T]his administration is motivated by a political philosophy that sees the greatness of America in
you, her people, and in your families, churches, neighborhoods, communities—the institutions
that foster and nourish values like concern for others and respect for the rule of law under God.
“Now, I don’t have to tell you that this puts us in opposition to . . . a prevailing attitude of many
who have turned to a modern-day secularism, discarding the tried and time-tested values upon
which our very civilization is based
. . . .
And while they proclaim that they’re freeing us from
superstitions of the past, they’ve taken upon themselves the job of superintending us by
government rule.”
President Ronald Reagan, speech to the National Association of Evangelicals, 1983
27. Reagan's presidency resulted in
A.
a decrease in federal government spending
B.
deregulation of industry and reductions in taxes
C. extensive federal legislation promoting moral ideals
D. more vigorous protection of the environment
28. The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following trends of the 1980s?
A.
The continued growth of the influence of liberal political ideas
B.
The religious diversity of the Republican Party’s supporters
C. The increasing public belief in the federal government’s positive influence on society
D. The expanding political participation of Christian groups
Question refers to the excerpt below.
Women’s libbers do not speak for the majority of American women. American women do not
want to be liberated from husbands and children. We do not want to trade our birthright of the
special privileges of American women—for the mess of pottage called the Equal Rights
Amendment. “Modern technology and opportunity have not discovered any nobler or more
satisfying or more creative career for a woman than marriage and motherhood. The wonderful
advantage that American women have is that we can have all the rewards of that number-one
career, and still moonlight with a second one to suit our intellectual, cultural, or
financial tastes or needs.”
Phyllis Schlafly, “What’s Wrong with ‘Equal Rights’ for Women?,” 1972
29. The ideas in the excerpt about women’s roles in society have the most in common with
ideas associated with which of the following?
A.
Activism on behalf of women’s rights during the middle of the nineteenth century
B. The greater separation of home and workplace during the first decades of the nineteenth
century
C. Political and social reform efforts led by women’s clubs during the late nineteenth century
D. The increased participation of women in the workforce during the Second World War
30. Schlafly’s argument in the excerpt responded most directly to the
A.
rise of the conservation movement
B.
achievement of woman suffrage
C. change in the structure of families
D. influence of computers and the Internet
31. The ideas expressed in the excerpt are most closely aligned with which of the following
broader historical developments?
A.
The emergence of the sexual revolution
B.
The growth of the modern conservative movement
C. The increased use of federal power to address social inequalities
D. The critique of post–Second World War liberalism from groups on the left
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32. Which of the following best describes an interpretation of the overall trend in the graph of
United States crude oil consumption between 1950 and 1980 ?
A.
The United States domestic production of crude oil increased in this period.
B.
The United States became more dependent on imports of crude oil in this period.
C. United States usage of crude oil became more efficient in this period.
D. The United States had a consistently increasing supply of crude oil imports in this period.
33. Which of the following was a key difference between the Korean War and the Vietnam War?
A.
The chances of a direct military clash between the United States and the Soviet Union
was greater in the Vietnam War.
B.
United States leaders could more easily argue that communist aggression led to the
Vietnam War.
C. Public opposition was more significant for the Vietnam War than for the Korean War.
D. The press was more adversarial toward United States policy during the Korean War.
34. Which of the following developments is the most direct effect of the situation portrayed in the
image?
A.
Increased public opposition to the use of nuclear weapons
B.
Expanded use of military force to achieve foreign policy goals in Eastern Europe
C. Reduced congressional oversight of United States military interventions
D. Reduced public trust in the federal government and the president
Question refers to the excerpt below.
“I am convinced that if we are to get on the right side of the world revolution, we as a nation
must undergo a radical revolution of values. We must rapidly begin...the shift from a
thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society. When machines and computers, profit
motives and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of
racism, extreme materialism, and militarism are incapable of being conquered.”
Martin Luther King, Jr., “Beyond Vietnam,” April 4, 1967
35. The reference to “the world revolution” in the excerpt most directly refers to which of the
following developments in international affairs following the Second World War?
A.
Decolonization and the emergence of nationalist movements in Asia and Africa
B.
The beginning of the Cold War in Europe
C. United States support for anticommunist regimes in Latin America
D. United States efforts to create a national energy policy
“We are the people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in
universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.
“When we were kids, the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world;
the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United
Nations
....
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“As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss
....
“The conventional moral terms of the age, the politician moralities—‘free world,’ ‘people’s
democracies’ reflect
realities poorly, if at all, and seem to function more as ruling myths than as descriptive
principles
....
“The bridge to political power, though, will be built through genuine cooperation, locally,
nationally, and
internationally, between a new left of young people, and an awakening community of allies.”
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Port Huron Statement, 1962
36. What did SDS have most in common with the youth counterculture of the 1960s?
A.
A rejection of many of the values of their parents’ generation
B.
A commitment to reforming society through direct political action
C. A desire to remove themselves from mainstream society and experiment with drugs
D. A determination to establish gender equality throughout the United States
37. Which of the following post-1945 developments contributed most strongly to the discomfort
that members of SDS felt?
A.
The efforts of Congress to adopt legislation to deal with domestic social problems
B.
The disillusionment with United States domestic values and Cold War events
C. The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision on school desegregation
D. The support for collective security through international organizations
"We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in universities
....
Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these
American values we found good
....
As we grew,however,our comfort was penetrated by events
too troubling to dismiss
....
The declaration ‘all men are created equal’ rang hollow before the
facts of Negro life
....
The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its
economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo
....
America rests in national
stalemate,...its democratic system apathetic and manipulated rather than ‘of, by, and for the
people.’”
Students for a Democratic Society, “The Port Huron Statement,” 1962
38. Based on the excerpt, Students for a Democratic Society would most likely support
A.
greater global economic integration under United States leadership
B.
expanded attempts to repress communists in the United States
C. a decrease in United States intervention in Asia
D. reduced spending for government social programs
39. Which of the following most directly contributed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?
A.
Concerns about the declining role of the United States in Western Europe
B.
The increasing use of federal power to combat racial discrimination
C. Social inequalities exposed during the Civil Rights movement
D. Support for the equality of gays and lesbians
“PURPOSE AND POLICY
“SECTION 2. (a) It is the purpose of this joint resolution to fulfill the intent of the framers of the
Constitution of the United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress
and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or
into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the
circumstances, and to the continued use of such forces in hostilities or in such
situations
. . . .
”
“CONSULTATION
“SECTION 3. The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before
introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent
involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such
introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no
longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations.”
War Powers Act, passed by Congress in 1973
40. Which of the following developments best explains the passage of the excerpted law?
A.
Presidents deepened United States military engagement in Vietnam without a
declaration of war.
B.
Congress objected to the measures used by presidents to enforce the desegregation of
schools.
C. Counterculture leaders argued for expansion of presidential powers to uncover
communist infiltrators.
D. African American leaders criticized the violence inflicted on peaceful civil rights
protesters in the South.
41. City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
did which of the following?
(A) They enabled the urban middle class to participate more effectively in politics.
(B) They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support.
(C) They encouraged racial integration of residential neighborhoods.
(D) They discouraged railroad and highway construction to prevent people from moving out of
urban areas.
(E) They promoted prohibition and the abolition of prostitution.
42. Which of the following did the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam have in common in
the late 1960s?
(A) They advocated ending segregation in the North rather than the South.
(B) They sought affiliation with the American Communist Party.
(C) They emphasized developing a greater sense of Black nationalism and solidarity.
(D) They advocated nonviolent means to achieve their goals.
(E) They split off from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) after the death of
Martin Luther King, Jr.
43. The Taft-Hartley Act did which of the following?
(A) Established wage and price controls during the Nixon administration
(B) Protected American manufacturers from European competition during the Depression
(C) Recognized the right of labor unions to establish closed shops
(D) Limited the powers of labor unions
(E) Created the interstate highway system
44. Settlement house workers of the late nineteenth century would most likely have engaged in
all of the following EXCEPT
(A) establishing day nurseries for working mothers
(B) offering literacy and language classes for immigrants
(C) publishing reports on deplorable housing conditions
(D) teaching classes on cooking and dressmaking
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(E) organizing women workers into labor unions
45. Which of the following was an achievement of the John F. Kennedy administration?
(A) Passage of civil rights legislation
(B) Passage of bills to create health insurance for the aged and to increase aid to education
(C) Extension of diplomatic recognition to the People’s Republic of China
(D) Passage of the Alliance for Progress to provide economic aid for Latin America
(E) Passage of the Economic Opportunity Bill
46. The presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) was plagued by which of the following foreign
policy issues?
(A) The taking of American hostages in Iran
(B) The Cuban missile crisis
(C) The bombing of the United States embassy in Lebanon
(D) The invasion of Grenada
(E) The crisis in Nicaragua
47. A major consequence of the 1973 Yom Kippur War in the Middle East was that it led
immediately to
(A) a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel signed at Camp David
(B) the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt
(C) the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat
(D) an energy crisis sparked by OPEC’s embargo of oil to the Western world
(E) international recognition of an independent country of Israel
48. A key diplomatic achievement of Richard M. Nixon’s presidency was
(A) a nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet Union
(B) the signing of the Camp David Accords
(C) a joint Apollo-Soyuz space mission with the Soviet Union
(D) a visit to Angola to help the African nation resist communist guerrillas
(E) a visit to China in February 1972
49. During the 1960s, sit-in demonstrations were first effectively used by
(A) college students working with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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(B) Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
(C) Huey Newton and the Black Panthers
(D) Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam
(E) African American veterans returning from the Second World War
50. Which of the following statements about George Wallace’s third-party presidential campaign
in 1968 is correct?
(A) He appealed to many middle-class voters upset by the civil disobedience associated with
the Civil Rights and antiwar demon-strations.
(B) He appealed to the isolationists who opposed United States involvement in Vietnam.
(C) He supported the integrationist goals of Martin Luther King, Jr., but opposed the more
extreme tactics of the Black Muslims and Black Panthers.
(D) He was strongly supported by intellectuals and college students who thought the Democratic
and Republican parties were both too conservative.
(E) He advocated an expansion of poverty programs in an effort to win the support of the
inner-city poor.
51. The Stonewall riots of 1969 were significant because they
(A) marked the end of the African American Civil Rights movement
(B) drew attention to the increasing gap between the incomes of people who were wealthy and
people living in poverty
(C) highlighted the efforts of César Chávez to organize Mexican American farmworkers
(D) led to the birth of gay rights organizations around the country
(E) undermined the efforts of the National Organization for Women
52. “I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who
willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to rouse the conscience of the community
over its injustices, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for the law.”
The quotation above is from
(A) Booker T. Washington
(B) Marcus Garvey
(C) Langston Hughes
(D) Martin Luther King, Jr.
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(E) Stokely Carmichael
53. Which of the following led to increased United States involvement in the war in Vietnam?
(A) News of the My Lai massacre
(B) Requests from other Southeast Asian countries for an increased United States presence in
Vietnam
(C) Congressional approval of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
(D) Hardened resistance by the communists following the Geneva Accords
(E) Failure of the Vietnamization program
54. The festival near Woodstock, New York, in 1969 is most closely associated with the
(A) women’s liberation movement
(B) gay rights movement
(C) environmental movement
(D) Beat Generation
(E) counterculture
55. In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that
(A) women had a constitutional right to abortion
(B) school segregation was unconstitutional
(C) voting districts had to contain the same number of people
(D) school prayer was illegal under the First Amendment
(E) arrested persons must be informed of their rights
56. The effects of deindustrialization in the 1970s included all of the following EXCEPT
(A) the increasing importance of the service sector of the economy
(B) plant shutdowns and closings, particularly in what came to be called the Rust Belt
(C) an increased United States share of the world market in manufacturing
(D) the erosion of tax bases in many communities, leading to cutbacks in health and welfare
services
(E) a decrease in real wages for United States workers in the manufacturing sector
57. In The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued that women
(A) who spent their lives as mothers and homemakers were generally satisfied with their lives
(B) needed counseling if they were dissatisfied with their domestic lives
(C) should battle for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment
(D) experienced a discrepancy between the reality and the public image of their lives
(E) have special talents and abilities different from those of men
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58. Throughout the presidential election campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan’s view of the best
economic policy to pursue was based on his belief that
(A) businesses were overproducing consumer goods
(B) there was insufficient government spending to stimulate economic growth
(C) international trade was the most important source of growth for the United States economy
(D) excessive taxation left citizens with less money to save and invest
(E) foreign countries were flooding markets with cheap goods and services
59. Which of the following was most responsible for bringing to an end Senator Joseph
McCarthy’s anticommunist campaign?
(A) President Truman publicly criticized McCarthy.
(B) McCarthy proved his charges of communist subversion.
(C) Television audiences witnessed his manner of leveling unsubstantiated charges.
(D) The federal courts issued an injunction against further accusations by McCarthy.
(E) Cold War tensions increased in the mid- 1950s.
60. Which of the following was a major effect of the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 ?
(A) The total number of immigrants admitted to the United States was significantly reduced.
(B) Immigrants from within the Western Hemisphere were given preference over other
immigrants.
(C) Immigration from the Soviet Union, Poland, and Italy decreased significantly.
(D) Immigration from Britain, Ireland, and Germany increased significantly.
(E) Immigration from Asia increased significantly.
61. Upon becoming president, Gerald Ford announced, “Our long national nightmare is over.”
He was referring to
(A) a serious economic downturn
(B) Watergate
(C) the collapse of the United States–backed government of South Vietnam
(D) a series of urban riots
(E) a costly oil embargo
62. Which of the following groups would most likely have voted for Barry Goldwater in the 1964
presidential election?
(A) New Deal Democrats
(B) Advocates of states’ rights
(C) African Americans in the South
(D) Opponents of the Cold War
(E) Labor union members
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“One by one the southern states have legally disfranchised the Afro-American, and since the
repeal of the Civil Rights Bill nearly every southern state has passed separate [railroad] car
laws with a penalty against their infringement. The race, regardless of advancement, is penned
into filthy, stifling partitions cut off from smoking cars.”
63. The author of the statement above was
(A) a Scalawag in the 1870s
(B) an African American journalist in the 1890s
(C) a White segregationist in the 1910s
(D) a White southern Democrat in the 1930s
(E) an African American Civil Rights worker in the 1970s
64. The Vietnam War differed from the Korean War in that the Vietnam War
(A) involved the United States in an indirect confrontation with the Soviet Union
(B) involved United States troops without a formal congressional declaration of war
(C) generated criticism of the government’s military policies
(D) ended with the collapse of the government that the United States had supported
(E) grew out of the policy of containment
65. All of the following were important to Richard M. Nixon’s victory in the 1968 presidential
election EXCEPT
(A) strong support from labor unions
(B) backlash from White conservatives
(C) voter reaction to the 1968 Democratic convention
(D) his promise to restore law and order
(E) the continuing Vietnam War
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66. One effect of the population changes that occurred nationwide from 1950 to 1990 was the
(A) decreased economic influence of immigrants on United States society
(B) decreased economic importance of the Pacific Northwest
(C) increased economic importance of the Northeast
(D) increased economic influence of the South and West
“In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence,
whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous
rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.
“We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic
processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can
compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our
peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.”
President Dwight Eisenhower, farewell address, 1961
67. Eisenhower’s concerns expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from the context of
the
(A) First World War
(B) Second World War
(C) Cold War
(D) Vietnam War
68. Which of the following best characterizes the military-industrial complex in the decade
following Eisenhower’s speech?
(A) Popular protest forced greater separation between the military and industry.
(B) Private industry lost significant influence with the federal government.
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(C) The military lost significant influence in the federal government.
(D) The concerns about the military and industry largely persisted.
“One of the tragedies of the struggle against racism is that up to now there has been no national
organization which could speak to the growing militancy of young black people in the urban
ghetto. There has been only a civil rights movement whose tone of voice was adapted to an
audience of liberal whites. It served as a sort of buffer zone between them and angry young
blacks
....
“An organization which claims to speak for the needs of a community—as does the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee—must speak in the tone of that community, not as
somebody else’s buffer zone
....
“The need for psychological equality is the reason why SNCC
today believes that blacks must organize in the black community. Only black people can convey
the revolutionary idea that black people are able to do things themselves. Only they can help
create in the community an aroused and continuing black consciousness that will provide the
basis for political strength.”
Stokely Carmichael, “What We Want,” 1966
69. Which of the following resulted most directly from the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
(A) The redirection of federal funding from urban social programs to the Vietnam War
(B) Building sentiment among Civil Rights activists for the use of passive resistance and
peaceful protest
(C) Intensification of political and cultural debates over changes in African American family
structures
(D) Growing opposition among Civil Rights activists to Democratic political leaders who
supported the status quo
70. The ideas expressed in the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following
perspectives at the time?
(A) Violence is the best means for African Americans to change their status.
(B) Integration should be rejected as the primary goal of the African American rights movement.
(C) Separatism would not help African Americans achieve a more powerful political voice.
(D) Economic inequality accounts for the persistence of racial discrimination.
“No thoughtful person can question that the American economic system is under broad attack.
This varies in scope, intensity, in the techniques employed, and in the level of visibility.
“There always have been some who opposed the American system
....
“But what now concerns
us is quite new in the history of America. We are not dealing with sporadic or isolated attacks
from a relatively few extremists or even from the minority socialist cadre. Rather, the assault on
the enterprise system is broadly based and consistently pursued
....
“The most disquieting voices
joining the chorus of criticism come from perfectly respectable elements of society: from the
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college campus, the pulpit, the media, the intellectual and literary journals, the arts and
sciences, and from politicians.”
Memorandum from Lewis F. Powell, Jr., attorney and future United States Supreme Court
Justice, to Eugene B. Sydnor of the United States Chamber of Commerce, 1971
71. The ideas expressed in the memo were most consistent with which of the following foreign
policy beliefs after 1945 ?
(A) A global capitalist economy led by the United States would help stabilize the international
system.
(B) A nonaligned movement would help balance out the communist nations in the global order.
(C) Collective security alliances provided the best means to protect United States commercial
interests.
(D) The United States should unilaterally support postwar decolonization movements.
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72. Which of the following explains the context for United States economic development
between 1950 and the early 1970s?
A.
Credit and stock markets became unstable because of overspeculation.
B.
Low unemployment encouraged American optimism about economic growth.
C. A powerful conservative movement halted federal economic intervention in the economy.
D. Companies imported valuable commodities acquired from new overseas colonial
territories.
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73. Which of the following was a similarity between Eisenhower's and Kennedy's arguments in
the excerpts?
A.
Both claimed that defense policy could threaten liberty at home.
B.
Both declared that the United States had lost international influence.
C. Both called for an increase in spending on military weapons and supplies.
D. Both asserted that communism was a threat to the United States national security.
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74. Which of the following most directly contributed to the emergence of Mexican American
activism in the 1950s and 1960s?
A.
Decreased demand for agricultural labor in the Southwest
B.
Changing immigration policies and patterns
C. Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
D. Enactment of Great Society social programs
75. The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with which of the
following?
A.
The efforts to limit immigrants' political and economic power in the 1840s and 1850s
B.
The attacks on radicals and immigrants following the First World War
C. The isolationism in United States foreign policy during the 1930s
D. The decline in public confidence and trust in government in the 1970s
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76. A key signicance of Churchill’s purpose in the excerpt was that it helped prompt the United
States to
A.
promise financial aid to veterans returning from the Second World War, promoting
economic growth
B.
eliminate many earlier barriers to immigration, allowing postwar refugees to enter the
country
C. provide financial support to democratic nations in Western Europe to help restore a
market economy
D. restrict the power of labor unions in the United States to help protect the country from
communist influence
77. Which of the following examples best supports the Kerner Commission’s argument that two
separate societies were emerging in the United States?
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A.
The movement of many families to the suburbs
B.
The emergence of a youth culture
C. The arrival of new immigrants from around the world
D. The existence of racial segregation in the military
78. The events described in the excerpt contributed most directly to the
A.
desegregation of the armed services
B.
ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
C. passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
D. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
79. In which of the following ways did public attitudes toward the Civil Rights movement change
as a result of sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt?
A.
White approval declined as a result of the perception that aggressive policies like those
of the Black Panthers resulted in urban unrest.
B.
Liberal feminists adopted the tactics of the Black Panthers in order to increase the
influence of their movement.
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C. Young people increasingly rejected the platform of the Black Panthers in favor of
nonviolent tactics.
D. The federal government responded by enacting social welfare programs favored by the
Black Panthers.
80. Malcolm X's statement suggests that he strongly agreed with
A.
radical leftist movements
B.
conservation movements
C. the youth counterculture
D. the sexual revolution
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81. The fact that a former British prime minister expressed the ideas in the excerpt to an
audience in the United States helped promote which of the following?
A.
United States support for British efforts to retain its colonial empire
B.
A greater United States willingness to share nuclear weapons with Britain
C. A decision by the United States to withdraw troops from Japan in order to better protect
Europe
D. The participation of both Britain and the United States in an international collective
security system
82. Accounts of North Vietnamese torpedo-boat attacks on United States destroyers in the Gulf
of Tonkin during the summer of 1964 were used to justify which of the following United States
actions in Vietnam?
A.
Delivery of a formal diplomatic protest to Hanoi
B.
Discontinuation of American naval involvement
C.
Escalation of the American war effort
D. Withdrawal of all American military advisers
E.
Introduction of the Vietnamization program
83. Which of the following developments contributed most directly to the conditions described in
the excerpt?
A.
The erosion of soil on the Great Plains
B.
The growth of suburban housing on previously undeveloped land
C. The increase in government regulation of natural resources
D. The growth of higher education
“[After the Second World War, Americans] wanted...a secure country. Security would enable
them to take advantage of the fruits of prosperity and peace
....
And so they adhered to an
overarching principle that would guide them in their personal and political lives: containment
....
Domestic containment was bolstered by a powerful political culture that rewarded its adherents
and marginalized its detractors
....
[C]ontainment aptly describes the way in which public policy,
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personal behavior, and even political values were focused on the home
....
Vast numbers of
American women and men
during the early years of the cold war...got married, moved to the suburbs, and had babies
....
[Few] were willing to give up
the rewards of conforming for the risks of resisting the domestic path.”
Elaine Tyler May, historian, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era, 1988
84. The pattern described in the excerpt of Americans who “got married, moved to the suburbs,
and had babies” most directly contributed to which of the following long-term developments?
(A) Increased immigration from abroad
(B) Greater concern about the environment
(C) Wage stagnation for the working and middle classes
(D) The rise of youth rebellion through the counterculture
85. The rise of what the excerpt describes as “domestic containment” most directly contributed
to which of the following characteristics of United States society during the period?
(A) White Southern resistance to school integration
(B) Greater cultural homogeneity
(C) Evangelical Protestant churches’ increased political engagement
(D) The popularity of liberal politics
“The Moral Majority, Christian Voice, and other groups of the 1970s and 1980s had a far broader
issue agenda than their
predecessors. The core agenda involved opposition to abortion, civil rights protection for gays
and lesbians, and the ERA
[Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution, which would have guaranteed equal rights for
women], and support for
school prayer and tuition tax credits for religious schools. But the organizations staked positions
on a variety of other
issues as well. [Jerry] Falwell . . . consistently supported increases in defense spending. The
Moral Majority Report, the
organization’s newsletter, attempted to build support for conservative economic issues as well,
including a subminimum
wage, a return to the gold standard, and cuts in social welfare spending.”
86. The excerpt most directly reflects which change in United States society during the 1970s
and 1980s?
(A) The widespread closing of public schools
(B) An increase in the number of traditional nuclear families
(C) The rise of political activism among evangelicals
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(D) The emergence of a youth-based counterculture
“Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free. When all are free, then
we can look forward to that day when this city will be joined as one and this country and this
great continent of Europe in a peaceful and hopeful
globe. When that day finally comes, as it will, the people of West Berlin can take sober
satisfaction in the fact that they
were in the front lines for almost two decades. All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens
of Berlin, and, therefore,
as a free man, I take pride in the words ‘Ich bin ein Berliner.’”
President John Kennedy, speech in West Berlin, West Germany, 1963
87. Kennedy’s views expressed in the excerpt best reflect a foreign policy built around
(A) free trade
(B) containment of communism
(C) peacekeeping interventions
(D) arms control negotiations
“For each of us, as for the robin in Michigan or the salmon in the Miramichi, this is a problem of
ecology, of
interrelationships, of interdependence. We poison the caddis flies in the stream and the salmon
runs dwindle and die
. . . .
We spray our elms and the following springs are silent of robin song, not because we sprayed
the robins directly but
because the poison traveled, step by step, through the now familiar elm leaf-earthworm-robin
cycle. These are matters of
record, observable, part of the visible world around us.”
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962
88. Carson’s argument in the excerpt most strongly influenced the
(A) rise of a counterculture among young people
(B) passage of new laws to reduce pollution
(C) establishment of the National Park System
(D) growing number of farmers in the United States
“Economic growth was indeed the most decisive force in the shaping of attitudes and
expectations in the postwar era. The
prosperity of the period broadened gradually in the late 1940s, accelerated in the 1950s, and
soared to unimaginable
heights in the 1960s. By then it was a boom that astonished observers. One economist, writing
about the twenty-five years
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following World War II, put it simply by saying that this was a ‘quarter century of sustained
growth at the highest rates in
recorded history.’ Former Prime Minister Edward Heath of Great Britain agreed, observing that
the United States at the
time was enjoying ‘the greatest prosperity the world has ever known.’”
— James T. Patterson, historian, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974, published
in 1996
89. Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the economic trend that Patterson
describes?
(A) A surge in the national birthrate
(B) The expansion of voting rights for African Americans
(C) Challenges to conformity raised by intellectuals and artists
(D) The gradual emergence of détente with the Soviet Union
90. Many of the federal policies and initiatives passed in the 1960s address which of the
following about the economic trend described in the excerpt?
(A) Affluence had effectively eliminated racial discrimination.
(B) Pockets of poverty persisted despite overall affluence.
(C) A rising standard of living encouraged unionization of industrial workers.
(D) Private industry boomed in spite of a declining rate of federal spending.
91. One significant result of the economic trend described in the excerpt was the
(A) rise of the sexual revolution in the United States
(B) decrease in the number of immigrants seeking entry to the United States
(C) rise of the Sun Belt as a political and economic force
(D) decrease in the number of women in the workforce
“The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful
potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores...but rather because of the traitorous actions
of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate, or
members of minority groups who have been traitorous to this Nation, but rather those who have
had the benefits that the wealthiest Nation on earth has had to offer...the finest homes, the finest
college education, and the finest jobs in government we can give. This is glaringly true in the
State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths
are the ones who have been most traitorous.”
Senator Joseph McCarthy, speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, 1950
92. McCarthy’s accusations in the excerpt best reflect which of the following?
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(A) Support for seeking new Cold War allies among nonaligned nations
(B) Resistance to efforts to achieve racial desegregation
(C) Ideological concerns over United States involvement in the Middle East
(D) Anxieties about Soviet influence at home and abroad
93. The image most directly illustrates a United States foreign policy that emphasized
(A) stopping the spread of communism in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East
(B) containing communism in Eastern Europe
(C) placing greater importance on human rights
(D) supporting the Non-Aligned Movement among Middle Eastern and Asian countries
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94. What conclusions about school segregation in 1954 can be drawn from the map above?
(A) Only the states that made up the old Confederacy still practiced segregation in public
schools.
(B) School segregation was a national problem, not one confined to a single region.
(C) Every state in the Union had local laws outlining positions on school segregation.
(D) States with the smallest populations generally supported school segregation.
(E) Northern states were free of segregation of any kind by 1954.
We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it
must be demanded by
the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign that was ‘well timed’ in
the view of those who
have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation
. . . .
We must come to see, with one of
our distinguished jurists,
that ‘justice too long delayed is justice denied.’ We have waited for more than 340 years for our
constitutional and Godgiven rights. The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed
toward gaining political independence, but we
still creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward gaining a cup of coffee at a lunch counter.”
Martin Luther King, Jr., African American leader, “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 1963
“The White man knows that the Black revolution is worldwide
. . . .
So I cite these various
revolutions, brothers and
sisters, to show you that you don’t have a peaceful revolution. You don’t have a
turn-the-other-cheek revolution. There’s
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no such thing as a nonviolent revolution. The only kind of revolution that’s nonviolent is the
Negro revolution. The only
revolution in which the goal is loving your enemy is the Negro revolution. It’s the only revolution
in which the goal is a
desegregated lunch counter, a desegregated theater, a desegregated park, and a desegregated
public toilet
....
That’s no
revolution. Revolution is based on land
....
Land is the basis of freedom, justice, and equality
. . . .
A revolutionary wants
land so he can set up his own nation, an independent nation.”
Malcolm X, African American leader, “Message to the Grass Roots,” 1963
95. In noting that he had “yet to engage in a direct-action campaign that was ‘well timed,’” Martin
Luther King, Jr., was most likely arguing against
(A) African American activists who asserted that King’s tactics were taking too long to produce
results
(B) Civil Rights activists who believed that more thought should be given to the precise timing of
boycotts, demonstrations, and direct actions
(C) environmental activists who believed that the struggle for more effective conservation
measures should take precedence over the Civil Rights movement
(D) White Americans who argued that African Americans should be more patient and that civil
rights should not be brought about by civil disobedience tactics
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96. The central point of the 1960s cartoon above was that
(A) the public was more interested in foreign policy than in domestic reforms
(B) the President was more interested in domestic programs than in foreign policy
(C) protesters were successfully challenging the goals of Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society
(D) opposition to the Vietnam War improved Lyndon B. Johnson’s hopes for reelection
(E) the cost of the Vietnam War limited the President’s ability to carry out domestic programs
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97. The situation depicted in the cartoon came into existence as a result of the pursuit of which
of the following policy Goals?
(A) Decolonization in Asia
(B) Containment of communism
(C) Détente with China and the Soviet Union
(D) Nuclear supremacy
98. The cartoon was primarily a response to the
(A) increasing popularity of isolationism among United States policy makers
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(B) ongoing controversy over the appropriate use of executive branch authority in conducting
foreign policy
(C) expanding opposition to the Korean War
(D) growing debate over the Vietnam War
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