Hist 260 Ch 8
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Chapter 8 of History 260 China: A Golden Age (Tang/Song) NAME: Jacqueline LaCombe
1.) What did the “barbarian” Northern Wei (386 – 584) build in North China during the Period of Disunity?
Buddhist cave temples with statues of the Buddha and his devotees.
2.) What technological achievements were being made in China during this disunified period?
Gunpowder, advances in medicine, refinements in the use of a magnetized needle for indicating direction (the forerunner of the compass), and the use of coal as fuel.
3.) Emperor Yang Di of the Sui is famous for what most notable building project?
The Grand Canal which ran from Hangzhou in the south to Kaifeng in the north
4.) About how many people lived in the Tang Dynasty capital of Chang’an?
About 2 million
5.) What is the legend of how the Tang’s greatest poet Li Bai died?
Li Bai drunkenly leaned out of a boat to embrace the reflection of the moon and drowned, happy in his illusion.
6.) What happened on the Talas River of Central Asia in 751?
A coalition of Arabs and western Turks did repulse a Tang expeditionary force far from its base in Central Asia at the battle of the Talas River near Samarkand
7.) By the late Tang, what region did most of the Chinese emperor’s revenue come from?
Tea
8.) By the early 1000’s (11
th
century CE), what had both the Chinese and the Koreans developed (400 years before Europe)?
They developed movable-type printing, with individual characters made of wood, ceramics, or metal, all long before its later spread into fifteenth-century Europe.
9.) What three products would become China’s chief exports (all the way until the 1900’s)?
Silk, porcelain, and tea.
10.) What did Empress Wu Zhao (Wu Zetian) do after her husband Empress Gaozong died in 683?
She ruled alone or through puppets and then proclaimed herself emperor of a new dynasty, the only female emperor in Chinese history.
11.) What disaster happened to Tang China in the year 755?
Rebels commanded by An Lushan, a general of Turkish background who had served the Tang, sacked the capital.
12.) What happened to the beautiful Yang Guifei and Emperor Xuanzong?
Xuanzong fled south with Lady Yang, but his resentful guards strangled her as the cause of all the empire's
troubles, and Xuanzong abdicated in sorrow.
13.) What happened to most Buddhist monastic properties in the 840’s?
There were greater restrictions places on Buddhist temples, monasteries, and monks. Most temple and monastic properties and tax-free estates, which had grown to immense size, were confis cated by the state, and most monasteries destroyed.
14.) What had happened to Chang’an in 763?
Tibetan troops occupied Chang'an
15.) Why did later generations of Chinese historians (up until today) criticize the Song Dynasty?
It failed to stem the tide of invaders from the northern steppes and was ultimately overwhelmed by the hated Mongols.
16.) Whose power did the early Song emperors eliminate? Whose power did the early Song emperors rebuild?
They eliminated the power of the court eunuchs and the great landed families and rebuilt the scholar-
officialdom as the core of administration.
17.) To further ensure a scholar-officials loyalty to the state (besides indoctrinating them in Confucian public service ethics), how were officials posted to local offices?
Their local postings were changed every three years, and they never served in their native places. This "rule of avoidance" remained part of imperial administrative practice up to the fall of the last dynasty in 1911.
18.) What did the growing spread of mass printing (the printing press) promote?
literacy and education and opened wider opportunities for commoners to enter the elite group of the scholar gentry from whom officials were recruited or to prosper in trade.
19.) In the Song, who filled most of the high positions in the government now?
Those who had passed all three levels of the examinations: the prefectural and provincial levels and a final interview with the emperor.
20.) What did imperial censors do?
They watched Officials and rated them on merit, honesty, and efficiency. They also frequently toured local districts, sometimes unannounced or incognito.
21.) In the Song, what fraction of the successful exam candidates came from non-gentry (commoners)?
Able-bodied men from any background, but they had more of a disadvantage to those of wealth and privilege.
22.) What new kind of currency served the growth of commerce in the Song Dynasty?
Paper promissory notes (promises to pay) and letters of credit, followed by mass government issue of paper currency, served the growth of commerce.
23.) Who became the most famous Song literary figure?
Su Shi (Su Dongpo)poet-painter
24.) How did Wang Anshi’s government reforms try to put usurious moneylenders (evil loan sharks) out of business?
He offered government loans to poor peasants at lower rates.
25.) Besides contributing horses (provided for breeding by the government), who did Wang Anshi try to get each district to provide to the army?
Quotas of trained militia to help strengthen the quality of the army.
26.) From the northern “barbarians” named the Qidan, what name for China probably developed?
Russian name for China, Khita.
27.) In an alliance with the Song, who defeated the Qidan in 1122?
Jurchen
28.) What did these former allied do to the Song in 1127?
Jurchen advanced southward, besieged Kaifeng, and sacked the city after the Chinese failed to pay them an extravagant indemnity.
29.) Cut off from overland trade routes, what did the Southern Song now do?
They turned in earnest to developing sea routes to Southeast Asia and India.
30.) What inventions did Song Dynasty ships use (far ahead of the West)?
The compass, rudder, and masts-plus gunpowder.
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31.) What did foot-binding do to the arch of a girl’s foot (after 4 toes were broken)? What about walking after foot-binding?
It broke the arch over time and caused great pain for at least the first few years. It made walking difficult, made it more of a hobble, but kept with the view that women should remain at home.
32.) What does the career of Li Qingzhao show about Song women?
Some women participated actively in cultural life during the Song period.
33.) What did the “virtue” (morality and proper behavior) for women often rest on?
Woman's ability to deny her own desires and happiness.
34.) For the philosopher Zhu Xi (1130 – 1200) how could a man become a philosopher and a sage?
Through the Confucian discipline of self-cultivation
35.) What things about Song China of the 1100’s and 1200’s seem a lot like 18
th
century England (in the 1700’s)?
Commercialization, urbanization, a widening market, and the pursuit of mechanical invention.
36.) What did the Song do in 1232 (and over the two years after this)?
The Song made an alliance with the Mongols to crush the remnants of the Jurchen and within two years reoccupied Kaifeng and Luoyang.
37.) Before conquering all of China, what had other wings of the Mongol armies already conquered?
Korea, Central Asia, the Near East, and eastern Europe.
38.) What had Chingis Khan’s grandson Khubilai done by 1264?
He succeeded in conquest of Song China and fixed his capital at Beijing.