Final Exam Identifications
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Final Exam Identifications, Essay
Questions
Louis Thomas AASP 201 7381 05/10/2022
Part One: Identifications (10 points each; 200 points total)
This section requires you to write short answers to each identification question. There are 20 identification questions worth 10 points each for 200 points total. Each answer must address who,
what, when, where, and why in the identification.
Each answer should be no more than one paragraph in length (4-5 sentences or 100-150 words), double-spaced with 1-inch margins using 12 point Arial, Calibri, or Times New Roman font. You are not required to include citations. Each answer must:
Identify the individual named, author, event, and other key individuals and groups (2 points)
Discuss what the identification term or name is about (2 points)
Describe when it occurred (2 points)
Describe where it occurred (2 points)
Explain why the individual, group, or event is significant for understanding African American Studies (2 points)
Listed below are twenty identification terms you will need to answer in Part One of the exam. You must answer all twenty terms to receive full credit. DO NOT
copy and paste language from classroom resources or any other source. This is an act of plagiarism and is a violation of the academic integrity pledge you signed in Week 1.
The twenty identification terms are drawn from Weeks 5-8 of the AASP 201 classroom resources. Please use your class readings first to answer the terms before resorting to outside sources.
1.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial
segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. The Montgomery Bus Boycott started in Dec 5, 1955 and ended in Dec 20, 1956. It was significant due to it playing a huge role into civil rights and transit equity, it also helped eliminate early barriers to transportation access.
2.
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action was created to protect minorities and women against discrimination in education, employment, and social benefits. It was
initiated by the administration of President Lyndon Johnson to improve opportunities for African Americans while civil rights legislation was dismantling the legal basis for discrimination
. Affirmative action was initiated in the 1960s.
3.
1960-61 Sit-ins
The Greensboro sit-in was when
young African American students staged a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, and refused to leave after being denied service. It started in the 1960s and led to Woolworth Department Store chain ending its policy of racial segregation in its stores in the southern United States.
4.
1964 Civil Rights Act
In July 2,1964 Congress passed a Public Law that p
rohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Public Law strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.
5.
Stokely Charmichael
Stokely Carmichael is most known as the leader of Black nationalism in the United States in the 1960s and the originator of the famous saying “Black Power”. He was a leading force in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Working within the deep south to organize African American voters.
6.
Emmett Till Case
Emmett Till was a 14-year-old African American boy was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being wrongly accused of offending a white woman in her family’s grocery
store. The Emmett Till Case was a spark in the upsurge of activism and resistance that became known
as the Civil Rights Movement.
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7.
1967 Riots
The 1967 Detroit Riot was the bloodiest incident in the “long, hot summer of 1967”. The cause of this these riots were due to a police raid at an illegal after-hours drinking club. The riot accelerated deindustrialization and the exodus whites from the city.
8.
1963 Birmingham Children's March
The 1963 Birmingham Children’s March was a march by over 5,000 school students in Birmingham, Alabama on May 2–3, 1963. Initiated and organized by Rev. James Bevel, the purpose of the march was to walk downtown to talk to the mayor about segregation in their city.
9.
1965 Voting Rights Act
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It is significant due to it giving minorities the rights to voting.
10.
Black Power
The Black Power is
a political slogan and a name which is given to various associated ideologies which aim to achieve self-determination for black people
.
Stokely Carmichael and Willie Ricks were the organizers. Black power was created in 1966.
11.
Irene Morgan
Irene Amos Morgan, later known as Irene Morgan Kirkaldy, was an African American woman from Baltimore, Maryland, who was arrested in Middlesex County, Virginia, in 1944 under a state law imposing racial segregation in public facilities and transportation. She won her 1946 U.S Supreme Court
case in Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia , which declared interstate transport racial segregation to be unconstitutional.
12.
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an African American leader in the civil rights movement, minister, and supporter of Black nationalism. He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr. He helped popularize the values of autonomy and independence among African Americans in the 1960s and 70s.
13.
Hip hop music of 70's and 80's
In the 1970s and 80s a new style of political hip hop developed when
groups like Public Enemy began demanding political change and an end to injustice and racism
. It was significant due to it developing new art forms that impact the lives of new and old generations. 14.
Diane Nash
Diane Judith Nash is an American civil rights activist, and a leader and strategist of the student wing of the Civil Rights Movement. Nash's campaigns were among the most successful of the era. She became one of the founding members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee of SNCC in 1961, this
group was important throughout the Civil Rights Movement.
15.
1968 Civil Rights Act (Fair Housing Act)
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is a landmark law in the United States signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or sex.
16.
Freedom Rides 1961
The Freedom
Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and subsequent years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme
decision Morgan v. Virginia (1946) and Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional.
17.
Selma Voting Rights March
T
he Selma to Montgomery marches were three protest marches, held in 1965, along the 54-mile highway from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. It was significant in bringing attention to the injustice of Jackson’s death, the ongoing police violence , and the sweeping violations of African Americans’ civil rights.
18.
Black Panthers
T
he Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP) was founded in October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton, and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality. The Black Panther movement emphasized Black pride, community control and unification for civil rights.
19.
Brown v. Board case
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. This case helped convince
the Court that even when physical facilities and other “tangible” factors were equal, segregation still deprived minority children of equal educational opportunities.
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Part II
Examine the legal cases and legislation that ultimately brought changes and ended legal segregation and other civil rights violations in the South from 1945 to
1970. Identify at least 5 of these, explaining what they entailed and the specific legal impact they had (or were designed to have).
Brown v. Board of Education The Brown v. Board of Education was a cause on May 17, 1954, the U.S Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools at the time violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This ruling rejected the “separate but equal” doctrine. It was commonly known that while the law stated that schools would be separated by race but equal, this was far from the truth. The colored schools would have less income for their classes as well as less teachers. The resources compared to the resources that the white schools received were night and day. In the late 1940s the NAACP began working towards the challenging the segregated schools. The NAACP wanted to encourage multiple African American parents to try in enroll their children in all-white schools. The first push was in Kanas. Oliver Brown was told that his daughter could not attend the nearby white school and would have to enroll in the far away African American school. The NAACP
played a huge role in breaking the barriers of segregated schools.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The act was signed into law on August 6, 1965, by President Lyndon Johnson. The purpose of this act was to outlaw the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. The Voting Rights Act is considered one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S History. The voting rights bill was passed by the U.S
Senate by a 77-019 vote on May 26, 1965. African Americans were harassed when it came to voting and
even in states where they were allowed to vote, they were usually harassed and only counted for under 5% of the votes.
The Selma to Montgomery March was directly after the signing of the Voting Rights Act. The issue regarding the signing of the act was the fact that most state and local enforcement of the law was weak and often didn’t enforce the law or just outright ignored the act. The voting rights act gave American voters the legal means to challenge voting restrictions and vastly improved voter turnout. The voting Rights Act was an important act that aided civil rights movement. It pushed pressure on states and law enforcement to make a change that was needed and due.
Fair Housing Act of 1968
The Fair Housing Act became in law on April 11, 1968, this was just days after Martian Luther King Jr’s
assassination. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of dwellings based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Fair Housing Act was first put in front of congress in 1966. It was primarily meant to address issues of racial discrimination in the rental and sales of housing. The importance of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was that brokers, sellers, lenders, and insurers cannot adopt discriminatory against people in the protected class. The issue back in the civil rights days were that it was extremely hard to purchase property if you were African American. Banks would discriminate against African American as well as lenders or insurers. It is sad but many African American and Hispanic members of the armed forces fought and died in the Vietnam War and back home their families were struggling to even be able to rent or purchase a home in
certain areas simply because of their race. I think in today’s age and how crazy it was for people to not be able to rent or purchase a home just simply on their race and I’m glad that I’m able to use this and not
fight how my ancestors had too.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott started with Rosa Parks refusing to sit in the back of the bus. The purpose and goal of the boycott was to protest segregation in public buses. The protest lasted over more than a year. The protest also led to great leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. as the foremost leader of the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation of public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. It lasted from Dec 5, 1955 – Dec 20, 1956. Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides were groups of college students that would ride on the interstate in protest of segregation on interstate buses. President John F. Kennedy supported the Freedom Rides by providing federal marshals to help protect the Freedom Rides in the south. The Freedom Rides happened in 1963.
Resources
Brown v. Board of Education https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka
Voting Rights Act of 1965
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act
Fair Housing Act
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fair-housing-act
Montgomery Bus Boycott
https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-civil-rights-legislation-supreme-court-104388
Freedom Rides (1961)
https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-civil-rights-legislation-supreme-court-104388
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