Copy of PERIOD 4 CONCEPT OUTLINE.docx

APUSH 2015 Name _____________________________________ Review Activity #4 Hour _____ Date ________________________ College Board Concept Outline Period 4: 1800 to 1848 Directions: The Concept Outline below presents the required concepts and topics that students need to understand for the APUSH test. The statements in the outline focus on large-scale historical processes and major developments. Our course has focused on specific and significant historical evidence from the past that illustrate each of these developments and processes. Complete each table on the outline below by choosing two specific examples of relevant historical evidence that illustrate the concepts in greater detail. You may choose from among the ones provided OR provide one of your own. Define or describe the example and explain its significance to the thesis statement directly above the box. Key Concept 4.1: The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. I. The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was achieved by expanding suffrage from a system based on property ownership to one based on voting by all adult white men, and it was accompanied by the growth of political parties. A. In the early 1800s, national political parties continued to debate issues such as the tariff, powers of the federal government, and relations with European powers. Examples: Election of 1800 (“Revolution of 1800”), First Party System, Louisiana Purchase (1803), 12 th Amendment (1804), War with Tripoli (1801-1805), Chesapeake Leopard Affair (1807), Embargo Act of 1807, Non-intercourse Act (1809), Macon’s Bill #2 (1810), “War Hawks”, War of 1812 (impressment, desire for Canada, British occupation of US forts, British aid to Indians), Federalists and the Hartford Convention (1814), Treaty of Ghent (1815), Henry Clay’s “American System”, protective tariff of 1816, Second Band of the US, Era of Good Feelings, Madison’s veto of Bonus Bill (1817) Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Election of 1800 The Election of 1800, often referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," marked a significant shift in American politics as Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party defeated John Adams' Federalist Party. The Election of 1800 demonstrates how the United States was evolving into a more participatory democracy, with a peaceful transfer of power based on the will of the voting population. War of 1812 The War of 1812, which was influenced by factors such as impressment, the desire for Canada, British occupation of U.S. forts, and British aid to Native American tribes, represented a defining moment in early 19th-century American history. The War of 1812 is a critical example of the United States' efforts to assert its democratic ideals and protect its interests on the international stage, illustrating the country's commitment to defending its emerging national identity. 1

B. Supreme Court decisions established the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution and asserted that federal laws took precedence over state laws. Examples: John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, McCullough v. Maryland, Worcester v. Georgia, Gibbons v. Ogden, Dartmouth College v. Woodward Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Marbury v. Madison A landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review. It arose from a political dispute during the transition of power from President John Adams to Thomas Jefferson, where Adams appointed numerous "midnight judges" before leaving office. Marbury v. Madison is highly significant to the thesis as it marked the moment when the Supreme Court, under the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall, asserted its authority to interpret the Constitution and determine the constitutionality of laws. This decision played a pivotal role in the development of a modern democracy by clarifying the judiciary's role in checking the constitutionality of both federal and state laws, thus establishing a system of checks and balances within the government. McCullough v. Maryland A Supreme Court case in 1819 that dealt with the constitutionality of a state's attempt to tax a branch of the Second Bank of the United States. The case revolved around the broader issue of the federal government's implied powers and the relationship between state and federal authority. Further reinforced the supremacy of federal laws over state laws. The Court ruled in favor of the federal government and upheld the constitutionality of the national bank, asserting that Congress possessed the power to create such an institution under the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution. This decision expanded the scope of federal authority and contributed to the development of a modern democracy with a strong central government. C. By the 1820s and 1830s, new political parties arose — the Democrats , led, by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs , led by Henry Clay — that disagreed about the role and powers of the federal government and issues such as the national bank, tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements. Examples: Corrupt bargain of 1824, Second Party System, opposition of Whigs to Democrat “King Andrew”, end of property requirements to vote by 1828, Jackson’s use of spoils system, universal manhood suffrage, “Age of the Common Man”, Webster Hayne Debate of 1830, Jackson’s veto of Maysville Road (1830), Jackson’s veto of Second Bank of US re-charter, Jackson’s use of “pet banks”, South Carolina Exposition and Protest by John Calhoun (1828), South Carolina nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, Jackson’s “Force Act” of 1833, Compromise Tariff of 1833 Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Second Party system The political landscape in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s, marked by the emergence of two major political parties: the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay. Exemplifies the nation's transformation towards a more participatory democracy. It highlights the growth of political parties and the increasing political engagement of the American people. This development represented a shift from the earlier era of one-party rule and was characterized by debates and contests over fundamental issues related to the federal government's role and powers. Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage, by 1828, eliminated property requirements for voting, granting the right to vote to all adult white Represents a key aspect of the nation's transformation into a more participatory democracy. The elimination of property requirements for voting broadened political 2

Examples: Charles Finney, Seneca Falls Convention (1848), Utopian communities (Brook Farm, Shakers, Mormons, Oneida), American, American Temperance Society, Dorothea Dix and prison reform, Horace Mann and education reform Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Seneca Falls Convention The first woman's rights convention in the United States. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, it brought together women and men to discuss and advocate for women's suffrage and other women's rights issues. Exemplifies the influence of the Second Great Awakening on moral and social reforms. During this period, the convention marked a significant step in the women's rights movement and reflected the democratic and individualistic beliefs of the era. It demonstrated that as Americans sought to define their democratic ideals, they were also striving to change society and institutions to match those ideals by advocating for the rights of women, which would later become a central part of the broader struggle for civil rights and democracy. Horace Mann and education reform Horace Mann was a prominent figure in the education reform movement during the mid-19th century. As the Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, Mann played a crucial role in advocating for public education reforms. He pushed for the establishment of state-funded, publicly accessible schools, standardized curricula, teacher training, and improved educational resources. Illustrate how Americans were seeking to define and implement democratic ideals in their society and institutions. The push for public education, accessible to all, was a reflection of the democratic values of equality and individual opportunity. By advocating for education reform, Mann and others were actively changing their society to align with these democratic principles, laying the foundation for the development of a modern democracy that celebrated education as a cornerstone of democratic ideals. B. A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. Examples: Hudson River School of art; transcendental writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau; James Audubon, Knickerbocker writers such as Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper; Noah Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Hudson River School of art A group of American landscape painters in the 19th century who focused on depicting the natural beauty of the American landscape, especially in the Hudson River Valley and other scenic locations. exemplifies the emergence of a new national culture that celebrates American natural landscapes. It reflected a distinct American identity that was rooted in the country's unique geography and wilderness. This artistic movement contributed to the development of a national culture that was distinct from European influences and reinforced the idea of American exceptionalism. 4

Transcendental writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement in the United States during the 19th century. It emphasized individual intuition, spiritual experiences, and the connection between humans and nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were prominent transcendentalist writers. They represent a unique American intellectual and cultural movement. They encouraged individuals to seek a deeper understanding of themselves and the world through introspection and communion with nature. This emphasis on individualism and a spiritual connection to nature contributed to the development of a new national culture rooted in distinctly American values and beliefs. C. Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. Examples: Romanticism, transcendentalism, Federal style of architecture, Thomas Jefferson’s rotunda Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Romanticism An artistic and intellectual movement that emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, emphasizing individual emotion, imagination, and beauty of nature. Romanticism played a significant role in shaping American culture during this period. It encouraged a focus on individual expression and the exploration of emotions and imagination. This emphasis on individualism and emotional depth was central to the development of American democratic ideals, as it celebrated the unique qualities and potential of each person. Transcendentalism A philosophical and literary movement in the early to mid-19th century that emphasized the inherent goodness of people and nature. It promoted the idea that individuals could transcend the material world and connect with a higher spiritual reality. This philosophy contributed to the development of a more inclusive and idealistic vision of democracy, where every individual could strive for self-improvement and spiritual connection, aligning with the broader theme of Americans seeking to define their democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to match them. D. Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. Examples: surrogate families; covert resistance (work slowdowns, sabotage, and runaways); spirituals; Richard Allen’ African Methodist Episcopal Church (1816) ; American Colonization Society (1816); Benjamin Lunch’s Genius of Universal Emancipation (gradual emancipation); David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829); William Lloyd Garrison’s “immediate and uncompensated” emancipation; American Anti-slavery Society (1833); Garrison’s Liberator (1831) ; Underground Railroad; Sojourner Truth; Frederick Douglass’ North Star (1847); Liberty Party (1840) Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Underground Railroad a network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved black individuals to escape to freedom in the North and Canada. Exemplifies the strategies and communities created by enslaved blacks and free African Americans to protect their dignity and family structures. It was a covert resistance network that allowed enslaved individuals to actively work against the institution of slavery, seeking freedom and a better life for themselves and their families. Sojourner Truth An African American woman born into slavery who later became an advocate for the abolition of slavery and women's rights. She They represent the ways in which enslaved and free African Americans engaged in political efforts aimed at changing their status. She used her voice and public speaking to challenge the prevailing societal norms, 5

the enslaved population. Turner's rebellion, even in its failure, contributed to the broader conversation about the need to address the contradiction between the nation's democratic ideals and the institution of slavery. C. A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention . Examples: Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Seneca Falls Convention A women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848. The convention marked the beginning of the organized women's suffrage movement in the United States. Show how increasing numbers of Americans, inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. The convention represented a pivotal moment in the women's rights movement, demonstrating the determination of activists to challenge societal norms and advocate for women's equality. Declaration of Sentiments A document drafted and adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. It was authored primarily by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and modeled after the U.S. Declaration of Independence. It represents a clear expression of the ideals of the women's rights movement in the mid-19th century. It called for greater equality and opportunities for women, echoing the broader theme of Americans seeking to define the nation's democratic ideals and working to change societal institutions to match these ideals. Key Concept 4.2: Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy, precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities. I. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. A. Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. Examples: John Deere’s steel plow, Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Samuel Slater “Father of American Factory System”, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable part, Samuel Morse and the telegraph, Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamboat, Lowell system, Baldwin Locomotive Works of Pennsylvania Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis John Deere’s steel plow An agricultural innovation in the early 19th century. Its steel construction made it more durable and less prone to sticking, making it a game-changer for farmers. Shows how innovations in agriculture and technology dramatically expanded agricultural production. It allowed farmers to cultivate larger tracts of land in the expanding western frontier more efficiently. This increase in agricultural productivity contributed to the broader market revolution Samuel Morse and the telegraph A communication technology introduced in the mid-19th century. It used electrical impulses to transmit messages over long distances almost instantly by Morse code It represents a key element of the new transportation systems and technologies that accelerated the American economy. The telegraph facilitated faster and more reliable communication across the country, which was 7

essential for coordinating economic activities, such as trade and commerce, on a national scale. B. Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods. Examples: Lowell system, steam locomotives, steamboats, spinning jenny, steamboats, interchangeable parts, cotton gin, telegraph, steel plow, mechanical reaper, improved roads/turnpikes Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Cotton gin A mechanical device designed to separate cotton fibers from their seeds. It mechanized the labor-intensive process of separating cotton, making it faster and more efficient. By greatly increasing the efficiency of cotton processing, it led to a significant expansion of cotton production in the Southern United States, particularly in states like Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. This, in turn, drove the growth of the cotton-based economy and increased the demand for enslaved labor to cultivate and pick cotton. Steam locomotives A mode of transportation powered by steam engines. Steam locomotives replaced animal-drawn carts and significantly reduced travel times. They facilitated the movement of people and goods, connecting different regions of the country and contributing to the westward expansion. This advancement in transportation was vital in integrating the national economy and promoting economic growth. It also contributed to the development of regional identities, as different parts of the country were linked through the railroads. C. Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence . Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than either was linked to the South. Examples: Lancaster Turnpike, regional specialization and interdependence, Erie Canal, Canal Era, Henry Clay’s American System, Cumberland (National) Road, protective tariff of 1816, Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837) Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Erie Canal A major transportation project completed in 1825. It was a 363-mile long artificial waterway that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, It connected the rapidly developing Midwest to the Eastern markets, facilitating the movement of agricultural and manufactured goods. This expansion of transportation networks fostered regional 8

Examples: Income gap, social hierarchy, plantation aristocracy, “Yankee traders”, National Trades Union, Commonwealth v. Hunt Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Income gap Refers to the disparity in earnings and wealth between different social and economic groups within a society. It underscores the theme of how innovations in technology and commerce led to both prosperity and economic inequality. This income gap contributed to the emergence of a more complex social hierarchy, with a growing middle class and a distinct economic elite, while many laboring poor individuals struggled to improve their living standards. Commonwealth v. Hunt a landmark legal case in Massachusetts in 1842 that solidified the legality of labor unions and strikes in the United States. Demonstrates how the growth of manufacturing and the changing nature of work prompted workers to organize and advocate for their rights. This legal precedent provided workers with a tool to address labor grievances and contributed to the development of labor movements and unions that would later become integral to workers' lives and their fight for better conditions and wages. C. Gender and family roles changed in response to the market revolution, particularly with the growth of definitions of domestic ideals that emphasized the separation of public and private spheres. Examples: Cult of domesticity, Lydia Child challenged cult of domesticity, Elizabeth Blackwell, Sojourner Truth’s Ain’t I a Woman?, Grimke sisters Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Cult of domesticity A prevailing social and cultural ideology during the 19th century in the United States. It emphasized the ideal woman as a moral and nurturing figure whose primary role was to create a harmonious and virtuous home for her family. As the economy and society transformed, this ideal of domesticity emerged as a response to the shifting economic landscape. It highlights the way in which societal expectations for women were influenced by economic and social changes, as women were increasingly expected to play a central role in creating a stable and moral home life in contrast to the evolving public sphere. Soujourner Truth’s Ain’t I a Woman? a famous speech delivered by the African American abolitionist and women's rights activist in 1851. In her speech, Truth challenged the prevailing stereotypes and expectations of womanhood. Truth's assertion that "Ain't I a Woman?" directly confronted the conventional gender roles and the limitations imposed by the Cult of Domesticity. Her speech contributed to the broader discourse on women's rights and the reevaluation of gender roles in a society experiencing profound economic and social changes. III. Economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. A. Large numbers of international migrants moved to industrializing northern cities, while many Americans moved west of the Appalachians, developing thriving new communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Examples: Erie Canal, Lancaster Turnpike, German immigration, Irish immigration, Midwest farm goods traded for New England factory goods Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Erie Canal A 363-mile-long artificial waterway that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River in New York. It facilitated the movement of people and goods, enabling the rapid settlement and economic development of the Midwest and 10

It allowed for efficient transportation of goods and people. encouraging international migration to northern industrial cities. It exemplifies how economic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, fostering regional integration and expansion. German immigration A significant influx of German-speaking immigrants in the 19th century seeking economic opportunities and freedom. Many settled in the Midwest, particularly in states like Wisconsin and Missouri, where they established communities. German immigrants played a vital role in developing thriving communities in the Midwest, further solidifying the growth and significance of this region. Their contributions to agriculture, industry, and culture influenced the identity of these regions and the nation as a whole. B. Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. Examples: “King Cotton”, protective tariffs, textile industry, whaling and fishing industry, “Yankee traders”, Treaty of Wanghia (1844) expanded trade with China Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis King Cotton The economic and political dominance of cotton production in the Southern United States during the 19th century. Shows how economic development, specifically the booming cotton industry in the South, played a pivotal role in shaping the nation's economic landscape. The immense profitability of cotton led to increased cotton production and, in turn, the growth of Northern industries involved in processing and manufacturing cotton textiles. This economic interdependence between the North and South contributed to the unity of the nation but also laid the groundwork for regional tensions and, eventually, the American Civil War. Protective Tariffs Taxes imposed on imported goods, designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Protective tariffs helped promote the growth of Northern manufacturing industries by making imported goods more expensive than domestically produced ones. This, in turn, accelerated the North's economic development and its commercial ties. However, these tariffs also led to tensions between the North and South, as the South, being primarily agrarian, opposed tariffs that increased the cost of imported goods they relied on and perceived as benefiting the North at the expense of the South. C. Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. Examples: Slow urban growth, planter aristocracy (“cottonocracy”), growth of the internal slave trade Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis planter aristocracy (“cottonocracy”) The wealthy, influential plantation owners in the American South who amassed great fortunes through the production of cotton, especially during the 19th century. These wealthy planters were deeply invested in the continuation of the plantation system, which relied heavily on enslaved labor. This example highlights how economic development, particularly through cotton cultivation, contributed to the growth of a distinctive 11

Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Monroe Doctrine A U.S. foreign policy that stated the Americas were no longer open to colonization by European powers, and any attempt to interfere with independent nations in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act. It asserted the United States as the dominant power in the Americas and sought to prevent European colonization or intervention in the region. This declaration reinforced the idea of American exceptionalism and the nation's aspiration to shape the destiny of the Western Hemisphere. Mexican American War A conflict between the United States and Mexico over territorial disputes, primarily concerning the annexation of Texas. The war was driven by the desire for territorial expansion, demonstrating the government's willingness to use military force to achieve its objectives. The acquisition of new lands through this war expanded the nation's borders and furthered its pursuit of Manifest Destiny, the belief in the nation's destiny to expand across the continent. B. Frontier settlers tended to champion expansion efforts, while American Indian resistance led to a sequence of wars and federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations. Examples: Tecumseh’s Confederacy (1808-1813), Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), First Seminole War (1816-1818), Indian Removal Act (1830), Trail of Tears, Second Seminole War (1835-1842), Indian Territory Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Indian Removal Act A U.S. federal law signed by President Andrew Jackson. This law authorized the forced removal of several Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to territories west of the Mississippi River. Illustrates the federal government's determination to clear land for white settlers and expand the nation's borders, often at the severe cost of the indigenous populations who were displaced and suffered immense hardship during their forced removal. Tecumseh’s Confederacy A pan-Indian alliance led by Shawnee leader Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa, also known as the Prophet. The Confederacy aimed to unite various Native American tribes in the Midwest against U.S. expansion and encroachment on their lands. Demonstrates the conflicts and wars that arose as a result of American settlers' expansionist ambitions and the federal government's response to protect these interests. The Confederacy's efforts were part of the broader pattern of American Indian resistance to land encroachment during the era of westward expansion. II. The United States’ acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to contests over the extension of slavery into new territories. A. As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to more fertile lands west of the Appalachians, where the institution of slavery continued to grow. 13

Examples: Cotton gin and growth of upland (short-staple) cotton, growth of the internal slave trade Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis Cotton gin and growth of upland (short-staple) cotton A revolutionary machine that efficiently separated cotton fibers from their seeds. It significantly sped up the process of cotton production The cotton gin made cotton production more profitable and increased the demand for cotton, which, in turn, led to a higher demand for slave labor. As a result, many slaveholders moved to western territories to cultivate cotton, contributing to the expansion of slavery in those regions. growth of the internal slave trade Refers to the buying, selling, and transportation of enslaved individuals within the United States. It allowed for the transfer of enslaved labor from regions where the soil had been over-cultivated to the more fertile lands in the West. This internal slave trade not only contributed to the westward spread of slavery but also underscores the economic incentives and interests that drove the expansion of the institution, reinforcing the thesis that economic factors shaped the nation's foreign policy and the extension of slavery into new territories. B. Antislavery efforts increased in the North, while in the South, although the majority of Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders argued that slavery was part of the Southern way of life. Examples: John Calhoun’s “positive good” arguments, Biblical justifications for slavery, Constitutional justifications for slavery (fugitive slave clause and three-fifths clause) Example Definition/Description Significance to the Thesis John Calhoun’s “positive good” arguments John Calhoun, a prominent Southern politician and advocate for slavery, put forth the "positive good" arguments in defense of slavery. He contended that slavery was not just a necessary evil but a positive and beneficial institution for both enslaved individuals and slaveholders. Highlights the ideological divide between the North and the South on the issue of slavery, with many Southern leaders, like Calhoun, adamantly defending its moral and economic aspects. These arguments intensified the debates over the extension of slavery into new territories. Constitutional justifications for slavery (fugitive slave clause and three-fifths clause) The fugitive slave clause required that escaped enslaved individuals be returned to their owners, even if they had reached free states. The three-fifths clause counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of determining a state's representation in Congress. These constitutional provisions reinforced the division between North and South and contributed to the conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new territories, as they reflected the political compromises and accommodations that were made to maintain a delicate balance between the slave and free states. 14