CHS Worksheet #2
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California State University, Northridge *
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Course
245
Subject
History
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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4
Uploaded by CaptainBeaverPerson898
CH S 245 - History of Americas
Fall 2023
Christopher Dominguez
Worksheet
ome
(#2): Week 12
Xican@
Studies 245
“Introduction”
Brown Eyed Children of the Sun
by George Mariscal pgs. 1-24.
●
What is one of the main objectives of the book
Brown Eyed Children of the
Sun: Lessons from the Chicano Movement
, according to the author Dr.
George Mariscal?
It is to map the complex ideological field that was the Chicano Movement of the
Vietnam War era. Also reminds us that the so-called sixties were about more than
"sex, drugs, and rock and roll" or middle-class white youth adopting alternative
lifestyles, or even the African American struggle for civil rights. In ethnic Mexican
communities, the period between 1965-1975 produced dramatic changes.
●
What did Richard Nixon hold about the Mexican-American community in
1965?
For cynical observers of the Mexican-American community such as Richard
Nixon, who once remarked that “the Mexicans” would never rebel like the blacks,
the Chicano Movement came as a surprising and disturbing development.
●
What did Helen Rowman in the 1968 Commission on Civil Rights say about
La Raza or the Mexican-American community?
Helen Rowan described the changes taking place in both the urban and rural areas
of the southwest: "the level of organization, of awareness, and of identity is
constantly rising...In fact, every aspect necessary to the development and
sustaining of a movement is being activated and, most importantly, obtaining
financial support.
●
What did the
New York Times
report on April 20, 1969, about five million
Mexicans?
Reporter Homer Bigart wrote: "Five million Mexican Americans, the nation's
second-largest minority, are stirring with a new militancy. The ethnic stereotype
that the Chicanos are too drowsy and too docile to carry a sustained fight against
poverty and discrimination is bending under fresh assault.
●
What did a Caucasian activist tell Dr. George Mariscal and Dr. Carlos
Muñoz about the Vietnam War at a symposium held in Oakland in 2000 on
the Vietnam War’s impact on the state of California?
Caucasian activists from the period with exclamations such as “Oh I had no idea
Chicanos protested against the war”.
●
Which organizations and/or victories made possible the emergence of a more
militant ethnicity-based politics that spread throughout the Southwest during
the 1960s and early 1970s, according to George Mariscal?
With the creation of the Mexican-American Political Association (MAPA) in 1959,
the formation of the Politica Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations
(PASSO) and the activism of the Viva Kennedy clubs in 1960, the appearance of
Cesar Chavez National Farm Workers Association in 1962, Reies Lopez Tijerina's
founding of the Alianza Federal de las Mercedes in 1963, and the electoral
victories in Crystal City, Texas, that same year, a more militant ethnicity-based
politics emerged throughout the Southwest.
●
George Mariscal: “At the heart of the diverse collective projects that arose in
the U.S. was a critique of traditional
___liberalism____
that exposed the
contradictions and the hypocrisies of a system that had promised equality to
all groups but had refused to deliver it.”
●
What have conservative efforts in recent years been able to do to the gains
made during the Civil Rights and/or Movement era?
On the domestic front in the United States, concerted efforts by conservatives
successfully rolled back the meager gains made by disenfranchised groups during
the Civil Rights era.
●
“In the media and the universities, revisionist historians recast the liberatory
moment of the 1960s as
_foolish__
and
__neglected___
. Many portrayed the
Chicano Movement as a flawed and failed experiment.”
●
What has become the “cucui” or the bogeyman in recent years and why,
according to Dr. George Mariscal?
I began to notice the ways in which at academic conferences and even at the level
of everyday community and campus politics something called "Chicano
nationalism" had become the cucui or bogeyman against which those professionals
who had achieved successful careers (a success inconceivable without the
Movement's contributions) constructed their public and professional identities.
●
What is the problem with claiming that the Movimiento failed, according to
George Mariscal?
The claim that the Movimiento "failed" reduces its scope to an instrumentalist
interpretation in the political realm where, as Kelley suggests, relations of power
were stacked overwhelmingly against activists demanding rapid change. Such
reductionism is certainly one scholarly prism through which to view the past of the
ideological field and erase the Movement's numerous accomplishments.
●
What has William Gamson said about the creation of an ongoing collective
identity that maintains the loyalty and commitment of its participants?
On this point, I am reminded of William Gamson’s claim that: "The creation of an
ongoing collective identity that maintains the loyalty and commitment of
participants is a cultural achievement in its own right, regardless of its contribution
to the achievement of political and organizational goals".
●
What did Cherríe Moraga say about Chicano nationalism?
As Chicana writer Cherrie Moraga puts it: “What was right about Chicano
nationalism was its commitment to preserving the integrity of the Chicano people"
.
●
Who opposed those involved in the Chican@ Movement, and how did the
opposition have a decisive advantage?
From the corporate growers who challenged the UFW to the full force of federal
and local law enforcement agencies, the adversaries who confronted Chicano/a
mobilization wielded a decisive and overwhelming advantage.
●
Dr. George Mariscal: “In the pages that follow, I will attempt to capture
some of the
___positive___
aspects of the collective vision created by
Chicano/activists and organizations.”
●
What is wrong with a “Hispanic” political agenda, held by a small group of
“Latin@s,” according to Dr. George Mariscal?
The apparent successes of a relatively small group of Latinos and Latinas mean
that an individualized and depoliticized version of an ethnicity-based identity (a
collective variant of which Movimiento activists had created) can be retained and
strategically deployed in order to reap the financial rewards offered by U.S.
society.
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●
What did scholar Ernesto Galarza say was one of the main temptations for
Mexican graduate students?
Careerism is one of the temptations and pitfalls which faces the Mexican graduate
student, he has to make up his mind what his responsibility is. Now if enough such
guys come out of the universities who go back well-trained, competent, and
capable who use their skills to help the community to find its way through this
maze, this meat grinder which is American society, their training will be justified.
●
How have Miami-based Cubans become a problem for
Chican@s
, and, in
turn, Blacks, Asians, Native Americans, and other groups of color, according
to Dr. George Mariscal
The role of Miami-based Cubans as a "Hispanic" front for neoconservatives attacks
on multiculturalism as "victimization studies" cannot be underestimated.
●
What has the passage of the so-called Patriot Act and other assaults on civil
liberties attempted to ensure, according to Dr. George Mariscal?
The passage of the so-called Patriot Act and other assaults on civil liberties
fashioned by Attorney General John Ashcroft and his Justice Department were the
structural implements designed to ensure that mass mobilizations would become a
thing of the past.
●
Rather than a long revolution, according to Dr. George Mariscal, what have
Chican@s and other so-called minorities experienced in recent years in the
United States?
Rather than a "long revolution" toward social and economic justice, we have
witnessed the increased polarization of poverty and wealthy nations backed by
U.S. military power, the reemergence of religious fundamentalisms, and the rise of
state and free-lance terrorism around the world.