Marcus Garvey Questions (1)

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Morgan State University *

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Dec 6, 2023

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MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY HISTORY 350: INTRODUCTION TO THE AFRICAN DIASPORA SPRING 2023 PAN-AFRICANISM AND BLACK NATIONALISM After they dismantled slavery by the end of the nineteenth century, Black people became free but new obstacles were placed in their paths through the resistance of former slave owners and the white power structures, of whom the former slave owners were an important part. For the post-slavery generations of people in the African Diaspora, the after effects and vestiges of slavery lingered deep on into the future, throwing up new challenges like Jim Crow and colonialism. Many Black people rose to the challenge, advocating tirelessly, organizing new movements and developing new ideas to combat the new forms of oppression facing them. Two powerful ideas – Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism – emerged. These ideas stressed Black self-confidence, Black self-reliance, Black racial pride, a pride in and identification with Africa and its past, Black independence, and Black unity. Many persons contributed to the development of these ideas over the course of the nineteenth century. However, it was only at the start of the twentieth century when one man, Marcus Garvey, was able to build an international movement around these ideas. This assignment asks you to watch the video and think about and explain the significance, legacy, influence and impact of Marcus Garvey and “Garveyism,” the unofficial name given to the movement he created in the early twentieth century, by answering the following questions. 1. Who was Paul Cuffee? What is his relevance in understanding the roots of Black Nationalism and Pan- Africanism? What’s Cuffee’s connection to Garvey’s ideas? Paul Cuffee was the first black millionaire. During the war of 1812, he introduced the idea of African Americans returning to west Africa. 2. What is the importance of Liberia in understanding the development of Black Nationalism and Pan- Africanism? What’s Liberia’s connection to Garvey’s ideas? Liberia was founded in the early 19th century as a colony for repatriated African Americans and free African people. It was seen as a potential homeland and refuge for black people seeking to escape slavery and racial discrimination in the Americas. The establishment of Liberia was influenced by ideas of black nationalism, which emphasized the need for black self-governance and the creation of independent black institutions. 3. What did going ‘back to Africa’ mean? What did the idea represent? Going back to Africa meant to have a state of mind where you recognize the significance and importance of being African. Africa wasn’t a physical place but it was a feeling of home for people who were dispossessed. 4. Who was Marcus Garvey? What was his significance? Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican political leader, entrepreneur, and Pan-Africanist who lived from 1887 to 1940. He is best known for his efforts to unite people of African descent worldwide and his advocacy for black nationalism and self-determination. Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914. 5. What was the U.N.I.A.? What was its significance? 1

MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY HISTORY 350: INTRODUCTION TO THE AFRICAN DIASPORA SPRING 2023 The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was a social, political, and economic organization founded by Marcus Garvey in 1914.The U.N.I.A promoted racial pride, economic self- sufficiency, and the resettlement of African diaspora members back to Africa. 6. What was the Negro World ? What was its significance? The Negro World was a successful newspaper created by Marcus Garvey. Many of the early African American writers from the Harlem Renaissance got their start through this newspaper. 7. Who were Earl and Louise Little? What did people like them signify? Earl and Louise Little were a young working-class couple that part a significant part in the U.N.I.A. 8. What was the role of women in the Garvey Movement? Women were actively involved as members, organizers, and leaders. They participated in local UNIA chapters, organized meetings, and contributed to the organization's growth and activities. The UNIA had its Women's Corps, which was a dedicated group of women within the organization. 9. Who was Amy Jacques Garvey? What was her significance? Amy Jacques Garvey played a crucial role in the development and expansion of the UNIA. She co- founded the Black Star Line, a shipping company established by Marcus Garvey with the goal of promoting black trade and transportation. She also co-edited the UNIA's newspaper, Negro World, and wrote numerous articles promoting the rights and empowerment of black people. 10. Who was J. Edgar Hoover and what was his role and impact on the Black freedom movement? J. Edgar Hoover was a prominent figure in American history who served as the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Under his leadership, the FBI was involved in monitoring and targeting various civil rights organizations and activists, including those advocating for Black rights. One of Hoover's most notorious programs was the Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO), which targeted various civil rights organizations, including the Black Panther Party. COINTELPRO aimed to disrupt and dismantle these organizations through tactics such as spreading false information, creating internal conflicts, and inciting violence. 11. What was the connection between the Harlem Renaissance and the Garvey movement? Both the Harlem Renaissance and the Garvey movement shared a sense of Black cultural nationalism and challenged prevailing racial hierarchies and discrimination. They represented distinct approaches to addressing racial oppression and promoting Black empowerment during a time of significant social and political change for African Americans. 12. Who is the “New Negro?” What was the significance of the “New Negro?” The "New Negro" was a term associated with the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural and intellectual movement that took place in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s. The "New Negro" referred to a new generation of African Americans who sought to redefine themselves and challenge the prevailing stereotypes and racial discrimination of the time. The significance of the "New Negro" 2

MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY HISTORY 350: INTRODUCTION TO THE AFRICAN DIASPORA SPRING 2023 was to represent a rejection of the derogatory stereotypes and limited representations of African Americans prevalent in mainstream white culture. 13. What were the specific connections between Rastafarians and Garvey’s ideas? Both Garvey and Rastafarians emphasized the importance of African identity and pride. Garvey promoted the idea of racial pride and encouraged black people to embrace their African heritage. Similarly, Rastafarians rejected the Eurocentric standards imposed on them and sought to reconnect with their African roots, embracing African culture, history, and spirituality. 14. What were the specific connections between the Nation of Islam and Garvey’s ideas? Both Garvey and the Nation of Islam embraced the principles of Pan-Africanism, which promotes unity, solidarity, and cooperation among people of African descent worldwide. Garvey's vision of a united Africa and his emphasis on the importance of African heritage influenced the Nation of Islam's recognition of the global black community and its struggles against racism and colonialism. 15. What were the specific connections between the independence of modern African nations and Garvey’s ideas? Garvey's philosophy of economic self-reliance and the development of independent black economic institutions influenced the post-independence economic policies of several African nations. Leaders like Nkrumah and Julius Nyerere of Tanzania adopted Garvey's ideas of economic empowerment, promoting African entrepreneurship, industrialization, and self-sufficiency. 16. What were the specific connections between the Civil Rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s and 1970s and Garvey’s ideas? Marcus Garvey's call for Black consciousness and awakening resonated with activists in the Civil Rights and Black Power movements. They sought to raise awareness and consciousness about racial injustice, discrimination, and the need for collective action to challenge and dismantle systemic racism. Both movements aimed to inspire Black people to take pride in their heritage, challenge oppressive systems, and demand equality and justice. 17. What accounted for Garvey’s broad appeal? How was he able to appeal to so many people? Garvey utilized powerful symbols, such as the Black Star Line steamship company and the red, black, and green Pan-African flag, to represent his movement. These symbols helped create a sense of pride, unity, and shared purpose among his supporters. 18. Are protests effective agents of change? What are acceptable forms of protest and what are forms of protest that may be unacceptable? Protests can be effective agents of change in society, as they can raise awareness, mobilize people, and put pressure on institutions and governments to address specific issues. Some common acceptable forms of protest include peaceful marches, rallies, sit-ins, boycotts, strikes, petitions, and civil disobedience. Violent protests, which involve destruction of property, physical harm to individuals, or incitement to violence, are generally seen as unacceptable. 19. What could the Black Lives Matter movement learn from the fate of the Garvey movement? 3

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MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY HISTORY 350: INTRODUCTION TO THE AFRICAN DIASPORA SPRING 2023 The Garvey movement faced various challenges, including government repression and internal conflicts. However, Garvey's vision and message continued to inspire future generations. BLM can learn from the movement's perseverance and resilience in the face of adversity. They can remain steadfast in their mission, adapt to changing circumstances, and ensure the sustainability of their movement over the long term. 20. Is Pan-Africanism and Black Nationalism still relevant today? If so, why? If not, why not? Pan-Africanism continues to be relevant because it addresses issues such as systemic racism, inequality, and social justice. It provides a framework for challenging neocolonialism, economic exploitation, and the marginalization of African and African-descendant communities globally. Pan-Africanism also emphasizes cultural pride, celebrating African heritage, and fostering a sense of belonging and identity for people of African descent. Black Nationalism remains relevant for several reasons. Despite significant progress, racial disparities and systemic racism persist in various forms, including socio-economic inequality, mass incarceration, and police brutality. Black Nationalism provides a platform for addressing these issues, promoting Black leadership and self- sufficiency, and challenging structures that perpetuate racial injustice. It also fosters a sense of collective identity, pride, and resilience among Black communities. 4

Marcus Garvey Questions (1)

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