Chapter 1 review
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Eastern Gateway Community College *
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104
Subject
History
Date
Dec 6, 2023
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docx
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HIS104 Chapter 1 Review Questions
1. Which of the following Indian peoples-built homes in cliff dwellings that still exist?
A. Anasazi
B. Cherokee
C. Aztec
D. Inca
2. Which culture developed the first writing system in the Western Hemisphere?
A. Inca
B. Maya
C. Olmec
D. Pueblo
3. Which culture developed a road system rivaling that of the Romans?
A. Cherokee
B. Inca
C. Olmec
D. Anasazi
4. What were the major differences between the societies of the Aztec, Inca, and Maya and the Indians
of North America?
North American native cultures were much more widely dispersed than the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan
societies, and did not have their population size or organized social structures.
5. The series of attempts by Christian armies to retake the Holy Lands from Muslims was known as
________.
A. the Crusades
B. the Reconquista
C. the Black Death
D. the Silk Road
6. ________ became wealthy trading with the East.
A. Carcassonne
B. Jerusalem
C. Rome
D. Venice
7. In 1492, the Spanish forced these two religious’ groups to either convert or leave.
A. Jews and Muslims
B. Christians and Jews
C. Protestants and Muslims
D. Catholics and Jews
8. How did European feudal society operate?
The lords owned the land; knights gave military service to a lord and carried out his justice; serfs worked
the land in return for the protection offered by the lord’s castle or the walls of his city, into which they
fled in times of danger from invaders.
How was this a mutually supportive system?
The serfs needed the lords land for food, the lord need the serfs to work the land. The knights needed
the lord for pay, the lord needed the knights for military service.
9. Why did Columbus believe he could get to the Far East by sailing west? It was known that the world
was round.
What were the problems with this plan?
He misjudged the size of the planet.
10. The city of ________ became a leading center for Muslim scholarship and trade.
A. Cairo
B.
Timbuktu
C. Morocco
D. Mali
11. Which of the following does
not describe a form of slavery traditionally practiced in Africa?
A. a system in which those in need of supplies or protection give themselves in servitude
B. a system in which debtors repay those whom they owe by giving themselves in servitude
C. a system in which people are treated as chattel—that is, as personal property to be bought and sold
D. a system in which people are enslaved permanently on account of their race
12. The Inca were able to control an empire that stretched from modern Colombia to southern Chile.
Which of their various means for achieving such control do you think were most effective, and why?
The feudal like system the Inca used in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries seems mutually supportive.
So, if all the peasants were fed and had jobs it seems unlikely there would be a whole lot of resistance to
Incan rule. Plus, as each peasant contributes to a public works project each month it would cause a
feeling of connection to the society.
13. How did the Olmec, Aztec, Inca, Maya, and North American Indians differ in their ways of life and
cultural achievements?
the North American native cultures were much more widely dispersed than the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan
societies, and did not have their population size or organized social structures. Indians still practiced
hunting and gathering.
How did their particular circumstances—geography, history, or the accomplishments of the societies that
had preceded them, for example—serve to shape their particular traditions and cultures?
Horses allowed the Plains Indians to follow and hunt the huge herds of bison more easily.
The Mogollon thrived in the Mimbres Valley (New Mexico) from about 150 BCE to 1450 CE. They
developed a distinctive artistic style for painting bowls with finely drawn geometric figures and wildlife,
especially birds, in black on a white background.
The Hohokam decorated pottery with a red-on-buff design and made jewelry of turquoise.
14. What were the lasting effects of the Crusades?
The persecution of Jews can be seen today. Eventually Columbus “discovering” the Americas can be
traced back to the crusades. Crusades – silk road – new route – Columbus finds the Americas when
looking for India.
In what ways did they provide opportunities—both negative and positive—for cross-cultural encounters
and exchanges?
On the negative side, the wide-scale persecution of Jews began.
On the positive side, maritime trade between East and West expanded.
15. Was race identified with slavery before the era of European exploration? No.
Why or why not? Slavery, before the New World, was almost a contract between those who needed food
and shelter and those who would provide it for the price of servitude. Or those captured in battle. In the
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New world there was a great need for labor to work the crops. Combined with the European idea that
they were to serve God and get rich and the Africans were easily identifiable by their skin color.
How did slavery’s association with race change the institution’s character?
permanent, inherited slavery
16. What are the differences between the types of slavery traditionally practiced in Africa and the slavery
that developed in the New World?
in Africa permanent, inherited slavery was unknown, and children of those bound in slavery to the tribe
usually were free and intermarried with their captors, this changed in the Americas; slavery became
permanent, and children born to slaves became slaves.
How did other types of servitude, such as European serfdom, compare to slavery?
They were not race based, and children were not born slaves.
Discussion post
Hello Professor and fellow students.
"How did the Olmec, Aztec, Inca, Maya, and North American Indians differ
in their ways of life and cultural achievements? How did their particular
circumstances—geography, history, or the accomplishments of the societies
that had preceded them, for example—serve to shape their particular
traditions and cultures?"
The life and cultures of the pre-Columbian Americans differed in many
ways, both big and small. The first difference I noticed was between the
North American Indians and the civilizations further south. The North
American Indians, for the most part lived in smaller (relatively) hunter
gatherer societies. I think this was caused greatly by the geography and
climate unique to the North American continent. Geography played a part
because there was less land available in the south because the Andes
Mountains and Amazon rain forest were not suited for habitation. Thus, the
southern civilizations were forced to live closer together. Less land (and more
fertile soil which I'll mention later) forced the southern societies to develop
farming and domestication methods to feed themselves. Tool building usually
follows shortly after a society stops spending all day hunting and gathering.
These tools help to provide more food, and thus the population can grow
quickly. Conversely, in the north there was more land and more game
available to hunt and the North American Indians were able to maintain
independent tribes. These tribes would fight over hunting area. The climate
differences played a part because the weather in Mesoamerica and South
America is warmer, and the land is more fertile. This fertile land was better
able to support a growing population.
When examining the differences between the Olmec, Aztec, Inca and
Maya civilizations, geography and climate contribute little to the differences
between them since they are in a very close (relative to the North American
Indians) area.
The Olmec participated in trade, created a mathematical system, art,
written language and an accurate calendar. They worshiped multiple gods
who required blood sacrifices. Following civilizations would build on many of
these aspects of the Olmec culture and civilization.
The Maya (utilizing the fertile soil of Mesoamerica) increased their food
production creating a surplus which created a space for some citizens to
specialize in other skills. They also built on the mathematical system from
the Olmec and created a written mathematical system. The Maya also
maintained a similar religious structure which included, to a lesser degree,
blood sacrifice.
The Aztec had a well-planned and organized city. I think written language
and mathematics developed in previous civilizations played a big part in
making this lever of planning and organization possible. They also improved
on the specialization the Maya started by having neighborhoods devoted to
certain job types. They also participated in blood sacrifice as previous
civilizations had done but increased them to a new level.
Finally, we have the Inca. They did not have a writing system which is
curious to me. Although they did have quipu to transmit information long
distances with runners. They had a massive empire which seems almost
feudal in its organization. While they did have some blood sacrifice it was
much less and previous civilizations and only in dire times.
This was a very interesting subject to learn about. I look forward to
reading your posts.
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