LAMChapter3
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Dec 6, 2023
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The continuity and growth of a more global economic system during the
colonial period was basically supported by two commodities. Which
commodities were they?
silver and sugar
After 300 years of colonization, by the end of the 1800s, and prior to the
wars of independence
the caste and slavery systems remained strong.
What was the "royal fifth"?
a 20% tax on mining, and the prime source of colonial revenue
In spite of their limited armies, Spain and Portugal controlled their colonies
for 300 years. How could they manage to do so?
through the use of a widespread consent by those at the bottom
(hegemony)
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz is a historically significant character because
she was a great poet and intellectual.
How did cultural hegemony function?
It made dominance seem natural and inevitable
Honor
prescribed different social roles for men and women.
What is the term that historians use when referring to the new Latin
American cultures that resulted from the give-and-take of all those living
on the same soil?
Transculturation
On the frontiers of the Spanish Empire in America, the main instrument(s)
of colonization was
the religious missions to indoctrinate and control the natives
The main racial and cultural mechanism used to organize society
hierarchically in colonial Spanish and Portuguese America was
the "caste system."
The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms were
late colonial transformations of the colonial economy.
During the colonization of Brazil, the Portuguese were
mostly importing sugar back to the Old Continent.
The concept of honor could lead to which of the following situations?
a. duels among men
b. violent punishment of independent-minded women
c. women having to behave differently than men
(all of the above)
Chasteen argues that Sor Juan Inés de la Cruz's life is a perfect example of
how hegemony functioned. Why?
She ended up consenting to her so-called sins and accepted the judgment
that she was the "worst of women."
Transculturation was a process based on which of the following?
the constant confrontation and negotiation between the Europeans, the
natives, and indigenous people
During the colonial period the church was so powerful because it
controlled all educational institutions.
b. exercised hegemony among the entire population.
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c. was very wealthy.
(all of the above)
Which of the following is an example of transculturation?
a Spanish woman practicing witchcraft
How would you describe the relationship that the people of African
descent and the indigenous people established with the Catholic Church?
People of African descent and the indigenous people would publically say
that they accepted Catholicism but privately did not.
By the end of the colonial period, the number of mixed people—meaning
not white, not indigenous, and not African, but culturally and racially
mixed—had grown. Why did this happen?
It was a product of centuries of transculturation
Which of the following best relates to the mining business?
It linked the colonies economically with Europe
Which of the following best defines the caste system?
It sorted people into fixed categories based on multiple characteristics.
Through climbing the social ladder, it became possible for people of lower
status to do which of the following?
marry partners of lighter skin
b. purchase "whiteness" paying for a special exemption
c. serve in the army and the militia to increase one's honor
(all of the above)
The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms intended to rationalize and
modernize the governance of overseas dominions. When did this happen?
in the late 1700s
The Bourbon and Pombaline reforms were implemented to
increase taxes.
Which of the following areas was considered a fringe of the Spanish Empire
during the colonization period? (Note that country names did not exist
during that time period.)
Paraguay