annotated-APWorldModern_GlobalConflictQuestions.docx (1)
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Global Conflict Questions
Directions: Using your textbook and internet searches please answer the following questions.
Please
answer in complete sentence and each answer should be a well-developed paragraph. Submit your
completed assignment when finished.
1-
What is total war?
What methods are employed in this and why are they used? Total war is a
concept that refers to a form of warfare in which not only the armed forces of a nation but the
entire society, including civilians, resources, and the economy, become actively engaged in the
conflict. This concept emerged during the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly during World
War I and World War II. In total war, the distinctions between military and civilian targets blur,
and all aspects of a nation's capacity are mobilized to support the war effort. This includes the
full-scale industrialization of the economy, mass conscription of soldiers, and the use of
propaganda and censorship to control public opinion and maintain morale. The methods
employed in total war include compulsory military service, economic mobilization, propaganda,
censorship, and, at times, the targeting of civilian populations and infrastructure. These
methods are used to maximize a nation's chances of victory by fully utilizing its resources and
maintaining the population's commitment to the war. However, total war comes at a significant
cost in terms of casualties, destruction, and societal disruption.
2-
What new military technologies emerged during World War I?
What effect did they have?
World War I witnessed the emergence of several new military technologies that fundamentally
altered the nature of warfare. Some of the most notable advancements include trench warfare,
chemical weapons, aircraft, tanks, and improved artillery. Trench warfare created a protracted
conflict characterized by stalemate and attrition, while chemical weapons introduced a new
dimension of terror and destruction. Aircraft were used for reconnaissance and aerial combat,
and tanks marked the birth of mechanized warfare. Improved artillery allowed for long-range
bombardment. These technologies had a profound effect on the conduct of warfare during
World War I, increasing the lethality and destructiveness of battles and setting the stage for the
tactics and strategies of future conflicts.
3-
How did governments of the world react to the Great Depression? (the U.S., France, Germany,
Japan, the Soviet Union and others) Governments around the world reacted to the Great
Depression in various ways. In the United States, President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented
the New Deal, a series of economic programs and reforms aimed at providing relief, recovery,
and reform. The New Deal included measures like social security, public works projects, and
financial regulations. France pursued public works programs and economic interventions to
combat the Depression, while Germany's response contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and
the Nazi Party. Japan sought to overcome the Depression by expanding its empire through
military conquest. The Soviet Union, under Joseph Stalin, embarked on industrialization and
collectivization. Different countries had different responses to the Great Depression, but in
many cases, the crisis led to significant political and economic changes.
4-
Who gained territory after World War I?
How did they gain it and what did they gain? After
World War I, several countries gained territory as a result of the post-war settlements. Notable
examples include France, which gained territories in Alsace-Lorraine, and Italy, which gained
some territories in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Japan expanded its influence in Asia by
acquiring German-controlled territories in China and Pacific islands. Poland's re-emergence as
an independent nation led to territorial gains, and Czechoslovakia was established, gaining
territory from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Greece and Turkey also had territorial
changes following the Treaty of Sèvres and the Treaty of Lausanne, with Greece gaining land in
Asia Minor. These territorial changes were part of the post-war settlement and had significant
consequences for the regions and nations involved, shaping future conflicts and geopolitical
dynamics.
5-
What countries were mounting anti-imperialist resistance during the period between the wars?
During the period between the two World Wars (1919-1939), various countries and regions
mounted anti-imperialist resistance against colonial powers.Under the leadership of Mahatma
Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, India saw significant anti-imperialist movements against British
colonial rule, with the Indian National Congress and the Quit India Movement being prominent
actors in the struggle for independence. The Chinese nationalist movement, led by figures like
Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong, actively opposed foreign
imperialist powers, particularly Japan, which had invaded Manchuria and later China itself. The
Vietnamese nationalist movement, led by Ho Chi Minh and the Indochinese Communist Party,
resisted French colonial rule and later Japanese occupation during this period. Indonesian
nationalists, led by figures like Sukarno, fought against Dutch colonial rule and sought
independence for their nation. Various Middle Eastern countries experienced anti-imperialist
sentiments, including movements against British, French, and Italian colonial powers in the
region.These anti-imperialist movements were driven by a desire for self-determination,
independence, and the end of colonial rule, and they played a significant role in shaping the
post-World War II decolonization process.
6-
What were the causes of World War II? The causes of World War II are complex and
multifaceted. The punitive terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, imposed
heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, creating resentment and economic
hardship.The aggressive expansionist policies of Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, and
imperialist ambitions of Japan, Italy, and the Soviet Union contributed to rising tensions. The
policy of appeasement, pursued by Western democracies, allowed Germany's expansion into
Austria, the Sudetenland, and Czechoslovakia without significant opposition. The lingering
effects of the Great Depression created social and economic instability, contributing to the rise
of extremist ideologies and leaders in several countries. Re-armament efforts and military
buildups in various countries, including Germany and Japan, increased the potential for conflict.
The clash of ideologies, particularly the totalitarian ideologies of fascism in Germany and Italy
and communism in the Soviet Union, played a role in shaping the geopolitical landscape. The
complex interplay of these factors eventually led to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
7-
How were fascism and communism used to mobilize their states during war? Fascism and
communism were used as mobilization tools during World War II by their respective states,
Germany and the Soviet Union. Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime used fascism as a mobilizing force in
Germany. The Nazis employed propaganda, emphasizing Aryan racial superiority and
nationalism, to unify the German population. The regime also built a powerful war economy
through state control and increased production. The use of authoritarianism and censorship
maintained strict control over public opinion. Hitler's charismatic leadership and militarization
efforts effectively mobilized the German population for war. Joseph Stalin's regime in the Soviet
Union used communism as a mobilization tool. The state-controlled economy allowed for rapid
industrialization, turning the Soviet Union into a formidable military power. Stalin's regime
promoted the idea of a collective struggle, emphasizing the defense of the socialist state against
external threats. The Soviet Red Army and the state's vast resources were efficiently directed
toward the war effort. The Soviet Union's propaganda and censorship maintained unity and
loyalty among the population. Both ideologies provided a strong sense of purpose and unity,
which played a crucial role in mobilizing their respective states for total war during World War II.
8-
What new military technologies emerged during World War II?
What effect did they have?
World War II saw the emergence of several new military technologies that had a significant
impact on the course of the war and the post-war world.Both the Germans and the Allies
developed jet-powered aircraft, such as the Messerschmitt Me 262 and the British Gloster
Meteor, which provided faster and more agile air combat capabilities. Radar technology greatly
improved air and naval surveillance, enabling early warning and defense against enemy attacks.
The development and use of atomic bombs by the United States in 1945 brought about a
revolutionary change in the nature of warfare and had a profound impact on international
relations during the Cold War. The V-2 rocket developed by Nazi Germany laid the foundation
for post-war advancements in missile technology, including intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs). The breaking of the German Enigma code by Allied cryptanalysts played a crucial role in
intelligence gathering and decision-making during the war. These new technologies increased
the destructive power and capabilities of military forces, leading to significant changes in
military strategy, tactics, and post-war geopolitics.
9-
What were the causes and consequences of the Holocaust?
Can you think of another example
of mass atrocity before or after this that compares to this? The Holocaust was a genocidal event
during World War II in which approximately six million Jews, along with millions of others, were
systematically murdered by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. The causes of the Holocaust can
be traced to deeply rooted antisemitism in Europe, the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party,
and the extreme racial and ideological beliefs held by the Nazis. The Nazis implemented the
"Final Solution," a plan to exterminate the Jewish population of Europe, using methods such as
mass shootings, gas chambers, and forced labor camps. The consequences of the Holocaust are
profound and include the immense loss of human life, the trauma and suffering of survivors, and
the moral and legal implications that led to the establishment of the Nuremberg Trials and the
development of international laws against genocide and crimes against humanity. While the
Holocaust is a unique and unparalleled event in history, other mass atrocities, such as the
Rwandan Genocide in 1994, have resulted in large-scale, systematic killings, highlighting the
importance of understanding and preventing such acts of violence.
10- How did the advances in science and technology of this period affect the natural world and what
advances did they lead to after?
The advances in science and technology during the mid-20th
century had significant impacts on the natural world. The development and use of nuclear
weapons, such as the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, caused immediate
and long-term environmental damage and radiation effects. These events led to growing
concerns about the environmental and human consequences of nuclear testing and warfare,
contributing to the later disarmament efforts and the arms control movement. Furthermore,
advances in industrialization, transportation, and agriculture during this period had adverse
effects on the environment, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and habitat
destruction. These concerns eventually led to the emergence of the modern environmental
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movement and the development of policies and regulations aimed at protecting the natural
world.
11- What happened to the Ottoman, Russia and the Qing dynasty during this period? During the first
half of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire, Russia, and the Qing Dynasty experienced
significant political changes and upheavals. The Ottoman Empire, following its involvement in
World War I, underwent a process of dissolution and the establishment of the Republic of
Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Russia went through a series of transformations, including
the 1917 Russian Revolution, which led to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty, the rise of the
Soviet Union, and the eventual dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The Qing Dynasty in China,
which had been facing internal strife and external pressures, was overthrown in the 1911 Xinhai
Revolution, leading to the establishment of the Republic of China.
12- What treaty ended the war and what were its terms? World War II ended with the signing of the
Treaty of Peace with Japan, commonly known as the Treaty of San Francisco or the San
Francisco Peace Treaty, in 1951. This treaty officially ended the state of war between Japan and
the Allied Powers. The key terms of the treaty included various aspects. Japan renounced all
claims to territories it had acquired through aggression, including Korea, Taiwan, and various
islands in the Pacific. The treaty defined the post-war boundaries of Japan and made provisions
for the Allied occupation to cease. Japan agreed to pay reparations to countries that had
suffered during the war. Japan renounced the right to maintain armed forces and declared that
it would not engage in acts of war. The treaty effectively ended the Allied occupation of Japan
and set the stage for Japan's post-war reconstruction and transformation into a peaceful and
democratic nation.