History 1301 Module 4 Paper Outline (1)

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The Harshness of the British Army and Biological Warfare Lourdes Torres History 1301 Huber Trent September 30, 2021

Torres 2 Crosby, a world historian and late professor at Texas A & M, coined the Triangular Trade as the Columbian Exchange, winning a Nobel prize for asserting the history of the world began on 1492 when Columbus landed in the Americas. 1 This event is important to society because it points to the origin of world history as a type of “mixing” of worlds that led to disease and havoc all in the name of gaining three G’s “God, Gold, and Glory” which explains the harshness of the British army and their role in biological warfare. 2 This pursuit points to an introduction to capitalistic controls such as mercantilism as mentioned in a poignant expose by Taylor. 3 Europe used the North Americas like a lady in the night and demanded they only trade with them only like an abuser repeatedly violating its victim for a means to an end. The Columbian Exchange was composed of three important “legs” that were utilized for trading from Europe to North America and leg 1 initiated when Columbus landed in North America by mistake in 1492. Nonetheless, this event marked the beginning of population decline in North America due to The Columbian Exchange bringing in diseases into North America’s delicate ecosystem creating the “Greatest Tragedy in the History of the Human species” when indigenous people in America lost up to over 90% of its original population to illness due to the Columbian Exchange as Crosby emphasized in his late works. 4 This event is important because while the eastern European hemisphere imported raw materials to the northern western 1 Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003). 2 Khan Academy, “The Columbian Exchange,” The Columbian Exchange, accessed September 13, 2021, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early-colonial- era/old-and-new-worlds-collide/a/the-columbian-exchange-ka . 3 John B. Taylor, First Principles: Five Keys to Restoring America's Prosperity (New York: W.W. Norton, 2013). 4 Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003).

Torres 3 hemisphere using captive slaves from Africa, it created an imbalance in North America as it reaped havoc due to the introduction of alien elements unknown into their delicate ecosystems through smallpox since it “…was a standard infection in Europe and most of the Old World in 1491.” 5 Therefore, this reaped havoc in the western hemisphere incentivized Europe to initiate slavery as a method for expanding its mercantilist needs as imperialism in America. In 1607 Jamestown, the first English settlement in North America, marked the first English settlement that arrived in North America when “ In 1607, 104 English men and boys arrived in North America to start a settlement”. 6 As a result, brutal s lavery was introduced to North America due to population decrease from diseases brought in through The Columbian Exchange when it “caused a drastic labor shortage throughout the Americas, which eventually contributed to the establishment of African slavery on a vast scale...” 7 This event ultimately culminated in the addition of The Middle passage which was considered the second leg of a “three-part voyage -- a voyage that began and ended in Europe” where many slaves died under terrible conditions all for Europe’s need to expand its grip over the northern hemisphere. 8 The Columbian Exchange was a type of “triangle which began and ended in Europe. Nonetheless, the events surrounding the end of the French and Indian war remain a much-debated topic amongst scholars and historians shedding light on Britain’s alleged intentional use of biological warfare through Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst at Fort Pitt in 1763 5 Megan Gambino, “Alfred W. Crosby on the Columbian Exchange,” Smithsonian.com (Smithsonian Institution, October 4, 2011), https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w- crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/. 6 “A Short History of Jamestown,” National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior), accessed September 14, 2021, https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short-history-of- jamestown.htm. 7 “NCpedia: NCpedia,” Link to NCpedia main page, accessed September 14, 2021, https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/columbian-exchange. 8 “Africans in AMERICA/PART 1/the Middle Passage,” PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), accessed September 14, 2021, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html.

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Torres 4 when he gifted smallpox riddled blankets to the Indians of North America. 9 Amherst is accredited as the “architect” behind British success in subjugating the New France territory during the Seven Years’ War. 10 This information points to a degree of intention in spreading biological warfare as a means to achieve control of the western hemisphere. It’s interesting to note there’s documented historical evidence of past use of smallpox as a biological weapon which points to Britain’s intentional depopulation as means to conquer power and wealth at any cost. 11 These findings, prose the need for additional methods of detection systems should another form of biological warfare, such as smallpox, be used again against humanity. 12 In essence, Europe’s mindset resembled that of The Dark Triad personality character traits when reflecting on Britain’s ruthlessness and neglect over the colonies. Its difficult to ignore the abusive and delusional under toned elements that were used to exhort power over North America. The events by the British Army intentionally gifting disease riddled items to achieve power and control only points to the dark influence of late political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli: “…an Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman and secretary of the Florentine republic. His most famous work, The Prince (1532), brought him a reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic.” 13 Therefore, more research in this area, pertaining to Machiavelli’s published works and how it relates to the British mindset should be investigated. 9 Ranlet, P. The British the Indians and Smallpox: “What actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?” Pennsylvania History 67, no. 3 (2000): 427-441. 10 Fernandez, James, and John Herzog. Farewell Lord Jeffrey Amherst: Debate over Amherst College’s Institutional Anchorage in History (Respond to this article at http://www.Therai.org.uk/at/debate). 11 Alibek, Ken. “Smallpox: A Disease and a Weapon” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 8, (2004): 3-8. 12 Morse, Stephen A. “Pathogen Security-Help or Hindrance?” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2, (2014;2015;): 83-83. 13 Mansfield, H. "Niccolò Machiavelli." Encyclopedia Britannica , June 17, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli.

Torres 5 The groundbreaking research behind the science of The Dark Triad can possibly point to a pervasive European mindset on war ethics, tactics, and not limited to morality.

Torres 6 Bibliography Alibek, Ken. “Smallpox: A Disease and a Weapon” International Journal of Infectious Diseases 8, (2004): 3-8. Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003). Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003). Fernandez, James, and John Herzog. Farewell Lord Jeffrey Amherst: Debate over Amherst College’s Institutional Anchorage in History (Respond to this article at http://www.Therai.org.uk/at/debate). Gambino, Megan. “Alfred W. Crosby on the Columbian Exchange,” Smithsonian.com (Smithsonian Institution, October 4, 2011), https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange- 98116477/. Khan Academy, “The Columbian Exchange,” The Columbian Exchange, accessed September 13, 2021, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/precontact-and-early- colonial-era/old-and-new-worlds-collide/a/the-columbian-exchange-ka . Link to NCpedia main page, “NCpedia: NCpedia,” accessed September 14, 2021, https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/columbian-exchange. Mansfield, Harvey. "Niccolò Machiavelli." Encyclopedia Britannica , June 17, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli.

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Torres 7 National Parks Service (U.S. Department of the Interior), “A Short History of Jamestown,” accessed September 14, 2021, https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short- history-of-jamestown.htm. PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), “Africans in AMERICA/PART 1/the Middle Passage,” accessed September 14, 2021, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p277.html . Taylor, John B. First Principles: Five Keys to Restoring America's Prosperity (New York: W.W. Norton, 2013). Morse, Stephen A. “Pathogen Security-Help or Hindrance?” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2, (2014;2015;): 83-83. Ranlet, Philip. The British the Indians and Smallpox: “What actually happened at Fort Pitt in 1763?” Pennsylvania History 67, no. 3 (2000): 427-441.