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Oct 30, 2023

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Politics of the middle east Outline: ● Israel-Palestine conflict ● Israel-Palestine key actors and issues ● FP Approaches Israel-Palestine History Zionism ● An ideology and nationalist movement advocating for the Jewish people ● Started in 1896 in response to growing anti-Semitism ● Sought to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine ● Based on historical/religious connection to Jerusalem etc. Palestine ● Before ww1, modern Israel was the state of Palestine controlled by the Ottoman-Turk empire ● Jewish population was about 6% ● During ww1, the brits captures Palestine and (trans)Jordan ● Brits given control by league of nations under the "British Mandate" ● British "Balfour Declaration" supported the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine ● Jewish immigration was allowed in Palestine ● Led to the growth of Jewish and Palestinian nationalist movements and conflict The Creation of Israel ● After ww2 and holocaust, UN approved plan to partition Palestine/create Israel ● British Mandate ended in 1948 and Jewish leaders declared independence ● 1948 Arab-Israeli war - Israel won and created new state The 1967 'Six Day War' ● Before war, Egypt controlled Gaza, Jordan controlled West Bank ● Egypt, Jordan and Syria attacked ● US supplied Israel with weapons ● Israel won and seized ○ Gaza and Sinai from Egypt ○ West bank and east Jerusalem form Jordan ○ Golan Heights from Syria The 1973 'October War' ● A.K.A. the 'Yom Kippur War'

● Egypt and Syria attacked ● Israel won and seized the Suez canal from Egypt ● Led to the subsequent peace process The 1978 Camp David Accords ● US- sponsored peace deal between Israel and Egypt ○ Sinai returned to Egypt ○ Deferred resolution of the Palestinian issue ● 1987-1991 first 'Intifada' ○ Palestinian uprising ● Led to cycle of negotiation, failure, and intifada The 1993 Oslo Accords ● US-sponsored peace deal between Israel and PLO ○ Mutual recognition between Israel and PLO ○ Created Palestinian authority to govern occupied territories ● Following peace process failed to resolve other issues ● Cycle of negotiations, failure, and intifadas continues Key Actors and Institutions: Israel ● Knesset: Parliament ● Likud : Main Conservative party ● Benjamin Netanyahu : Long serving Likud PM, recently lost ● IDF: Israeli Defence Force ● Iron Dome: Missile defensive system ● Mossad: intelligence service Key actors and institutions: Palestine ● PLO: Palestine Liberation Organization - founded in 1964 to promote statehood through military action ● PA: Palestinian authority - created in 1990s as government in the occupied territories ● Fatah : dominant faction within PLO and then PA ● Hamas : More militant faction - dominant in Gaza strip Two State Solution ● All peace negotiations have centred on the 'two state solution' ● A Palestine state would be created from Gaza, West Bank and East Jerusalem ● Plagued by many issues Two state solution problems ● Non-contiguous ○ Gaza and West Bank are physically separated

● Israeli settlements ○ Israel has allowed Jewish immigrants to build settlements in west bank and east Jerusalem ○ Is illegal under international law as are 'occupied territories' ○ Is changing facts on the ground ● 'Right of return' for Palestinians is opposed by Israel ● Palestinians divisions ○ More extreme Hamas controls Gaza ○ Moderate Fatah controls WB ● Israeli settler movement ○ More extreme Control Over Jerusalem ● West Jerusalem is Jewish, East is Palestinian ● Both want it as their capital ● Old city of Jerusalem is central to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity ○ Western Wall ○ Dome of the rock ○ Church of the Holy sepulchre ● To be neutral, most embassies are in Tel Aviv Liberal internationalists (neutral) ● Support the two state solution ● Seek role of neutral 'honest broker' rather than taking sides ● Support negotiations and multilateralism ● Criticize extremism on both sides Realists and Libertarians (neutral/don’t want to do w it) ● Argues that Israel-Palestine question is not a US issue ● Its not in US national interest to intervene as only creates enemies ● 'Israel lobby' in US forces politicians to go against US national interest's Progressives (pro Palestinian) ● View Israel as having more power and responsibility for lack of progress ● Advocates stronger support for the Palestinians and for US to put pressure on Israel ● Boycott, Divest, sanction (BDS) movement Neoconservatives and Evangelicals ● Neocons view Israel as key democratic ally in the region ● Evangelicals view Israel as key to biblical prophecy ● Advocate strong support for Israel rather than neutrality ○ Recognize Jerusalem as capital and moving of embassy

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○ Support for settlements as legal ○ Confronting Iran Trump and Israel ● Trumps policy reflected Christian conservative and neocon support for Israel ● Recognized Jerusalem as capital and moved the embassy ● Recognized Golan Heights as part of Israel ● Supported settlements as legal ● Tore up Obama's Iran deal ● Cut funding to Palestinians Abraham Accords ● Agreements in 2020 between US, Israel, United Arab Emirates and Bahrain ● UAE and Bahrain formally recognize Israel to allow for a 'normalization of relations' ● Received aid and trade in exchange ● Palestinians worry they are losing allies