community exam 2

Community E2 Outbreak of disease, use 3 elements, model of investigation called - The epidemiology triangle o Agent o Host o Environment What is web of causation What is wheel model of epidemiology Dr snow gave example of the epidemiological approach to solving when a disease began, what’d he do - Analyzed distribution of person, place, time w geographic/ demographic sectors How to get morbidity – incidence and prevalence rates - Compare the current rate/ previous rate of disease - Occurrence of new cases of a disease / condition in a community over given period of time Under analytic epidemiology – what is difference bw observational, cross sectional, retrospective and prospective studies - Observational – discover etiology - Cross sectional – examine relationships bw potential cause factors and diseases and diseases at specific time - Retrospective- compared life experiences and Hx - Prospective – monitor group disease free individuals to determine whether or when a disease occurs In decreasing global infections, what could be a low cost strategies in tx of disease - Immunization – most powerful, cost effective In private sector – what is central? - Economics - Public – trends / issues Private health policy largely focused on - Individual - Public health = populations Critical step defines issue in policy formation - Defining issue or describing the problem and placing it on. Legislative agenda

Who should be involved in role model of political activities - Role models are typically major influence om nurses choosing to become politically active What is PAC, what do they vote for as group - Political action committees - Vote for special interest legislation Rising cost of health care – all emphasis on illness care – providers received fee only when service given and all cost of services were_______ - Reimbursed payment Affordable care act AFA, ensures coverage for mental health and substance use conditions provided, comparable to____ - Same as medical and surgical Market based healthcare system? - More profit, creates more capital in treating diseases Do larger populations create problems - Create pressures - Overcrowding leads to pollution, stress, disease, violence - Barrier to economic growth What is UN – united nations, what do their decisions seek? - Attempts to reflect world opion and moral authority of the community of nations - Attempts to resolve global conflicts, formulate political system Declaration of alma ata is defined as what - Reaffirm health status among ppl, bw developed / non developing countries Define health - A state of complete physical, mental, social well being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity - Fundamental human right and attainment of the highest possible level of health is a most important worldwide social goal 1 st step nurse can do to prevent spread diseases - Est relationship w selected aggregate thru meeting w group - Focus on meeting w group regularly – in depth assessment - Initially clarify position, organizational affiliation, knowledge and skills - Nurses in all settings must be aware of potential threats rt communicable diseases, prepared to intervene

What is host agent and environment - Components of interactions that occur wi certain infectious disease process Acquired immunity – breastfeeding - Passive Control of communicable disease defines - Reduction of incidence, new cases, of given disease to a locally acceptable level as result of deliberate efforts Healthy ppl 2020 – what STDS are reportable to CDC - Gonorrhea - Syphilis - HIV Infection Infections disease’s report - Measles - Malaria - TB - ZIKA - Lyme disease - Hep A B C Cultural perspectives and healthy ppl 2020 set goals for - Improve quality, increase years of healthy life - Promotion of healthy behaviors, healthy / safe communities, improvement of systems for personal/ public health Increased immigrants, standards w culturally competent - Cultural competency = respecting understanding values and beliefs of certain cultural groups - 12 standards o Social justice o Critical reflection o Knowledge of cultures o Culturally competent practice o Culturally competence in health care systems, organizations o Multicultural workforce o Education and training o Cross cultural communication & leadership o Policy developed o Evidence based practice / research Under HUDs definitions of homelessness, there’s 4 categories

- which describes losing their primary nighttime residence - who resided in emergency shelter - attempting to flee, domestic and dating violence - 4 categories o Literally homeless  Lack nighttime home  Emergency shelter  Somewhere not for humans o Imminent risk for homelessness  Lose primary nighttime residence o Homeless under federal statutes  Unaccompanied youth and families o Fleeing domestic violence  Leaving dangerous, life threatening conditions Factors that contribute to homelessness - Shortage of affordable housing - Insufficient income - No support services Individuals highest risk of death, homeless >6m w one or more feature - >3 hospitalizations/ ER visits wi year - 60+ y/o - Cirrhosis - End stage renal - PMH – frostbites, immersion foot, hypothermia - HIV / AIDS - Psychiatric, substance abuse, chronic medical conditions - Suicide - Drug / alcohol abuse Concerns w health risk, injury, death in rural area - Older, less educated, poverty, lack insurance, lack available health care providers - Intentional injuries against self, other, firearms home (rural) vs streets (urban) - Poor health, disability - Untreated illnesses Acute / chronic illness associated w farmers work – resp, contaminated clothing - Pesticides - Personal protection ? - HA, dizzy, diaphoresis, N/V – untreated  dyspnea, bronchospasm, muscle twitch Human trafficking - Modern form slavery

- Increased job stress - Reduced trust - Hostile work environment Examples of risk factors - Access to guns - No security - Low staff - Poor lighting parking - Walking alone Intervention in preventing violence - Primary – education - Secondary – assessment - Tertiary – good self care Define violence - Intentional use of physical or power - Threatening - Affects all ages Resources map - Geographic map outlines resources that’d be available in that area 4 types department, what service do they provide - Office of emergency management o Determines what other assistance is needed – ambulance etc o Notify local hospitals - National response framework o Core operational plan for all hazards response and describes best practice for managing incidents - US department of homeland security DHS o Realign existing federal departments into single to protect American ppl and homeland. o 5 missions  Prevent terrorism  Us borders  Immigration laws  Secure cyberspace  Ensure resilience to disaster - Federal emergency management agency FEMA o Part of DHS o Support citizens, 1 st responders

o Everyone works together What to do in different emergencies - Biological o Move away , wash w soap water, contact authorities, listen to media for instructions, seek help - Nuclear blast o Do not look at flash – blind you o Take cover w disaster supplies, seel room shut - Radiation – outdoor / indoor/ explosion o Under stable surface o No elevator o Away from windows / glass o Tap on pipe o Shout last resort What is shelter in place in event of disaster - Instructions for actions to take from wherever you are Different location and shelter in place instructions for each one - Home, daycare, school, work, car Disaster triage colors - Black o Dead, wont live - Red o Top priority, life threatening conditions, can be stabilized - Yellow o Systemic, not life threatening, can wait 45-60min - Green o Walking wounded, minor injuries, can wait hours What is natech - Natural disaster creates tech problem - Earthquake – structure issues, electrical wires, fires - Chemical – from flood