Geo test 2
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University of Alabama *
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Course
101
Subject
Geology
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
Pages
14
Uploaded by ColonelPelicanPerson1035
Chapter 3 1. Page 85: Why should we study minerals? a. Minerals make up the rocks and sediments, and therefore build our planet b. Minerals provide energy resources (such as uranium) c. Industrial minerals serve as the raw materials for manufacturing chemicals, concrete, and wallboard d. Beautiful forms of minerals can be used for jewelry e. All of the above 2. Pages 86~87: For a material to be called a mineral, what properties it must have? a. Naturally occurring solid b. Formed by geological processes c. Has a crystalline structure d. Has defined inorganic composition e. All of the above 3. Pages 87~88: Which of the following materials are mineral? a. Quartz (SiO2) b. Biotite (K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2) c. Calcite (CaCO3) d. Methane (CH4) e. All of the above except d 4. Page 86: Man-
made minerals are actually not real minerals but “synthetic minerals”.
a. True b. False 5. Page 88: The atoms in minerals are organized in a specific way called: __. a. Chemical composition b. Pattern c. Atom sequence d. Crystalline lattice e. both b and d 6. Page 88: Table salt is not a mineral because it is an organic chemical. a. True b. False- table salt has a inorganic chemical composition 7. Page 88: Sugar is not a mineral because it is an organic chemical. a. True b. False 8. Page 86: Atomic number is: __. a. Approximately the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom of an element b. The number of protons in an atom of an element c. Approximately the number of protons plus electrons in an atom of an element d. The number of nucleus in an atom of an element 9. Page 86: Atomic weight is: __. a. Approximately the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom of an element b. The number of protons in an atom of an element
c. Approximately the number of protons plus electrons in an atom of an element d. The number of nucleus in an atom of an element 10. Page 89: Because of the pattern of atoms in a crystal structure, the structure has: __. a. symmetry b. non-symmetry c. regularity d. irregularity 11. Page 87: Which one of the following materials can be separated without a chemical reaction? a. Chemical solution b. Mixture of compounds c. Two chemical precipitations d. All of the above 12. Page 90: The ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure is called: __. a. Composition b. Metamorphism c. Crystallization d. Polymorphism 13. Page 89: Which of the following minerals are Polymorphs? a. Diamond and Graphite b. Quartz and Biotite c. Halite and Salt d. Garnet and Stibnite e. Both a and b 14. Page 90: Polymorphs have the same composition but different crystalline structure. a. True b. False 15. Pages 94-96 and please also see Handout: How do we identify minerals? a. by observation b. performing simple tests c. examine primary diagnostic properties d. all of the above 16. Page 94: Luster which is the appearance in reflected light contains the following categories: __. a. Metallic luster b. Glass luster c. Nonmetallic luster d. Jewelry luster e. Both a and c 17. Page 94: Which of the following diagnostic properties is the least reliable in identifying a mineral? a. Hardness b. Streak c. Color d. Cleavage 18. Page 94: The streak of a mineral will always be the same as its color. a. True b. False- can be different from color due to less impurities in powder form
19. Page 96 (Table 3.1): In the Mohs Hardness Scale, fingernail has a hardness of:_ a. 1.0 b. 2.5 c. 5.0 d. 9.0 20. Page 97: Which minerals are the most common on Earth? a. Calcite b. Quartz c. Silicate d. none of the above 21. Please see Handout: Which of the following minerals belong to categories of Silicate minerals? a. Mafic minerals b. Dolomite minerals c. Felsic minerals d. none of the above e. Both a and c 22. Please see Handout: Which of the following minerals are Mafic Minerals? a. Quartz b. Biotite c. Olivine d. Both b and c e. Both a and b 23. Please see Handout: Which of the following minerals are Felsic Minerals? a. Quartz b. Feldspar c. Olivine d. Both b and c e. Both a and b Chapter 4 1. Page 115: The molten rock erupted from a volcano and reaching the Earth’s surface is called: __. a. Granite b. Magma c. Pyroclastic d. Lava 2. Page 117: Which of the following factors can affect the formation of magmas? a. Decrease of pressure b. Addition of volatiles c. Viscosity of the original rock d. Heat transfer from rising magma e. All of the above except c 3. Page 118 (Fig. 4.3): Which of the following conditions can lead to decompression melting? a. Melting in the outer core b. Melting in a mantle plume c. Melting beneath a rift d. Melting beneath a mid-ocean ridge e. All of the above except a 4. Page 117: What processes can cause rock to melt easier resulting in more magma? a. Lowering of the Pressure as magma rises b. Increase of Volatile and Gases in
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magma c. Increase of Pressure as magma rises d. Both a and b e. Both a and c 5. Page 117: Melting due to addition of volatiles is also called: __. a. Decompression b. Flux melting c. Fusion d. None of the above e. Both a and b 6. Page 118 (also Table 4.1): The four categories of Magma, from the high content of silica to low content of silica, are: __. a. Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, and Ultramafic magmas b. Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic, and Ultramafic magmas c. Ultramafic, Mafic, Intermediate, and Felsic magmas d. Mafic, Felsic, Intermediate, and Ultramafic magmas 7. Page 118 (Please also see the Handout): Which type of magmas is the major constituent of continental crust? a. Intermediate magma b. Mafic magma c. Felsic magma d. Ultramafic magma 8. Pages 118~119: Which of the following factors can change magma’s composition?
a. Source rock composition b. Partial melting c. Assimilation d. Magma mixing e. All of the above 9. Pages 118~119 (this question is a different version of the above question): How can different magma compositions (i.e., felsic, intermediate, mafic) be produced? a. Magma assimilation (other rocks melt into magma) b. Magma differentiation (crystal settling) c. Magma mixing (2 magma types mix) d. All of the above e. Both a and c 10. Page 120: Magma rises from depth to the Earth’s surface because of: __.
a. buoyancy b. viscosity c. volatile d. pressure due to overlying rocks e. Both a and d 11. Page 120: Which property of the molten rock (or melt) controls the speed of its flow? a. density b. viscosity c. surface area d. shape e. Both a and b
12. Page 120: Which conditions can affect viscosity of magma or lava? a. Viscosity decreases with an increase of temperature b. Viscosity decreases with the addition of volatiles c. Viscosity also depends on the rock composition d. All of the above e. Only a and c 13. Page 121: Felsic magma flows faster than Mafic magma, because the former has a smaller viscosity. a.
True b. False- felsic has a higher viscosity making it move slower 14. Page 121: Magma intrusion cools faster for a deeper depth. a. True b. False- cools faster for shallower depth 15. Page 121: The rate of cooling for magma depends on the following conditions: __. a. The volume of volatiles b. The depth of intrusion c. The shape and size of a magma body d. The presence of circulating groundwater e. All of the above except a 16. Page 121: Magma cools faster for a larger surface (for a fixed volume) and/or a smaller magma body. a.
True b. False 17. Page 123 (see also Fig. 4.9): In igneous intrusions, the tabular intrusion that cuts across preexisting layering is called: __. a. A dike b. A sill c. A laccolith d. A batholith 18. Page 124: According to Bowen’s Reaction Series, during freezing of molten rock, we can find: __. a. Different minerals may form at the same time b. Same minerals may form at different times c. Different minerals may form at different times d. None of the above 19. Page 124: When a mafic magma starts to freeze, which types of minerals will start to crystallize first? a. Felsic minerals b. Mafic minerals c. Intermediate minerals d. None of the above 20. Page 123: In igneous intrusions, the tabular intrusion that is parallel to previous layering beds is called: __. a. A dike b. A sill c. A laccolith d. A batholith
21. Page 126: A “Batholith” Pluton is a relatively small tabular magma that cooled above the Earth’s surface.
a. True b. False- the largest of all plutons 22. Page 123: In igneous intrusions, the intrusion with lens or mushroom-shaped mass is called: __. a. A dike b. A sill c. A laccolith d. A batholith 23. Page 126: In igneous intrusions, the largest intrusive body with immense surface exposure and mass is called: __. a. A dike b. A sill c. A laccolith d. A batholith 24. Please see Handout: Stock is a smaller remnant of a batholith. a. True b. False 25. Please see Handout: A lava dome is a circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow extrusion of viscous lava at a volcanic vent. a. True b. False 26. Please see Handout: Which of the following textures can describe the texture of igneous rocks? a. Phaneritic b. Aphanitic c. Porphoritic d. Glassy e. all of the above 27. Please see Handout: Phaneritic igneous rocks are fine-grained rocks because of the slow cooling process. a. True b. False- coarse grained 28. Please see Handout: Aphanitic structure can usually be found in intrusive igneous rocks. a. True b. False- extrusive igneous rocks 29. Page 129: Geologists classify and assign names to igneous rocks based on texture and composition. a.
True b. False 30. Pages 132-133: Igneous activity can be found in which of the following locations? a. Mid-Ocean ridges b. Subduction zones c. Hot spot d. All of the above e. Both a and c
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Chapter 6 1. Page 190: Sedimentary rocks may contain evidence of past environments, including information about sediment transport and the depositional environment. a.
True b. False 2. Page 190: Which of the following rocks are classified as major Sedimentary Rocks? a. Detrital rocks b. Biochemical rocks c. Organic rocks d. Chemical rocks e. All of the above 3. Pages 190-191: What is the right sequence for the formation of sediment and its transformation into clastic sedimentary rock? a. Erosion, Weathering, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification b. Weathering, Erosion, Transportation, Deposition, Lithification c. Transportation, Deposition, Erosion, Weathering, Lithification d. Deposition, Erosion, Transportation, Weathering, Lithification 4. Page 191: In the process of Lithification, what kinds of steps can be found? a. Chemical weathering b. Physical weathering c. Compaction d. Cementation e. both c and d 5. Pages 191-193: How are Detrital sedimentary rocks primarily classified? a. Aphanitic or Phaneritic b. Igneous Texture c. Color d. Grain or Particle Size 6. Page 191: Which of the following minerals can act as cement for clastic sedimentary rocks? a. Calcite (CaCO3) b. Graphite (C) c. Dolomite (CaMg[CO3]2) d. Silica (SiO2) e. both a and d 7. Page 191 (see also Fig. 6.4): What is a major way you can tell if a sedimentary rock formed far from its source? a. Angular Grains and Clasts b. High Iron and Magnesium Content c. Rounded/Spherical Grains d. Low Silica Content 8. Pages 192~193: Generally, which sedimentary rock type would have formed near its original source? a. Conglomerate b. Breccia 9. Pages 194-195: Biochemical and organic rocks form from materials produced by living
organisms. a.
True b. False 10. Pages 194-195: A Limestone that is derived from an ancient marine reef is considered to be a biochemical sedimentary rock. a. True b. False 11. Page 195: Which of the following rocks belong to Organic Sedimentary Rocks? a. Coal b. Limestone c. Chert d. Sandstone 12. Page 195 and handout (lecture slide): Coal is formed from the rapid burial and compaction of a. Plant Matter b. Microscopic Marine Organisms (animals) c. Oil d. Quartz-rich Sand 13. Page 196: Evaporites consist of minerals precipitated from water. a. True b. False 14. Pages 196~197: Which of the following rocks belong to Chemical Sedimentary Rocks? a. Travertine limestone b. Dolostone c. Flint d. Evaporites e. All of the above 15. Pages 198-202: Sedimentary structures serve as clues to depositional settings. The following features are sedimentary structures: a. Bedding b. Ripple Marks c. Mud Cracks d. Fractures e. All of the above except d 16. Pages 199~200: A sequence of strata that is distinctive enough to be traced as a unit across a fairly large region is called Stratigraphic Formation. a. True b. False 17. Pages 200~201: In effect, Dunes are “mega
-
ripples” that can be found in desert.
a. True b. False 18. Page 201 How can a Sandstone form next to a Claystone (Shale) at the same time? a. Decay of organic matter in soil b. Hydrolysis c. Variations in Energy (i.e., calm water versus turbulent water) d. Crystal settling 19. Page 201: The Grade Bedding is formed due to:
a. The repeated turbidity current b. Strong wind c. Glacial movement d. Local subsidence 20. Pages 204-209: Different types of sedimentary rocks accumulate in different depositional environmental environments. a. True b. False 21. Pages 204-208: Which of the following sedimentary environments belong to terrestrial sedimentary environments? a. Fluvial environments b. Glacial environments c. Sand-dune environments d. Coastal beach environments e. All of the above except d 22. Page 204: What type of rocks can usually be found in mountain stream environments? a. Arkose b. Conglomerate c. Travertine d. Breccia e. Both b and d 23. Page 204: What type of rocks can usually be found in alluvial-fan environments? a. Arkose b. Conglomerate c. Travertine d. Breccia e. Both a and b 24. Page 208: What type of rocks can usually be found in coastal beach environments? a. Arkose and conglomerate b. Well-sorted, medium grained sandstone with ripple marks c. Sand with mud cracks d. Till e. Both a and b 25. Page 210: The term of “Sedimentary Basins” refers to a depression, created as a
consequence of subsidence that fills with sediment. a.
True b. False 26. Pages 210-211: What is the geological process that leads to the formation of a Foreland Basin? a. Continent rift b. Subsidence between convergent plate boundaries c. Subsidence due to the volcano arc d. Weight of the mountain belt pushes down the crust’s surface
27. Page 211: What do the transgression and regression processes affect environment? a. The coastline migrates inland in transgression and seaward in regression b. Local uplift or sinking of the land surface
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c. The depositional environments can migrate during this process d. Climate change e. Both a and c 28. Page 212: Diagenesis transform sediments into sedimentary rocks. What kind of changes can occur in Diagenesis? a. Chemical changes b. Physical Changes c. Biological Changes d. Ecological Changes e. All of the above except d 29. Please see Handout (lecture): A sedimentary facies is best described by: a. Different types of rock formed next to each other at the same time b. Same type of rock formed next to each other at different times c. Different rock types formed by different energy environments at the same time d. Both a and c e. Both a and b Chapter 7 1. Page 217: Metamorphism is a process where: __. a. rocks transport from one place to another b. rocks change from one form to another c. rocks experience differential chemical weathering and erosion d. rocks intrude into other rocks due to the pressure change 2. Page 217: During the process of metamorphism, what is the state for the rock? a. Rock remains essentially the solid state b. Rock can be either the solid or liquid state c. Rock can be either the solid or gas state d. All of the above 3. Pages 217~218: The protolith (which is also called the Parent Rock) of metamorphic rocks can be: __. a. Igneous rocks b. Sedimentary rocks c. Other metamorphic rocks d. Any one of the above 4. Pages 218-221: What are the causes for metamorphism? a. Heat b. Pressure c. Fluids d. Parent Rock e. All of the above 5. Please see Handout: What are the sources for Heat that can cause metamorphism? a. Heat from magma b. Geothermal gradient c. Solar radiation d. Fusion reaction
e. Both a and b 6. Please see Handout: Lithostatic Pressure is due to the weight of the overlying rocks, and it can be described by stresses which are equal in all directions. a. True b. False 7. Please see Handout: Lithostatic Pressure is also called the: __. a. Differential Pressure b. Confining Pressure c. Atmosphere Pressure d. Uniform Pressure e. Both b and d 8. Please see Handout: What are the right properties for Differential Pressure? a. These pressures are not equal on all sides b. Due to these pressures, rock is distorted c. Due to these pressures, mineral grains become more closely packed and may recrystallize becoming smaller and denser minerals d. They occur during deformation associated with mountain building e. a, b, and d 9. Page 218 and Figure 7.2 c: What is Pressure Solution? a. It means the precipitation of mineral grains on the sides undergoing more pressure b. It means the dissolution of mineral grains on the sides undergoing less pressure c. It means the dissolution of mineral grains on the sides undergoing more pressure d. None of the above 10. Page 221: What are Hydrothermal Fluids? a. Very hot water solutions b. Lava c. Water affected by geothermal d. None of the above 11. Please see Handout: What are the possible sources for Hydrothermal Fluids that can cause metamorphism? a. Pore spaces of sedimentary rocks b. Fractures in igneous rocks c. Hydrated minerals d. None of the above e. a, b, and c 12. Please see Handout: Metamorphic Textures refer to what properties of mineral grains? a. Size b. Shape c. Arrangement d. All of the above e. None of the above 13. Please see Handout: Which of the following textures belong to Metamorphic Rocks? a. Foliated texture b. Nonfoliated texture c. Porphyroblastic texture d. All of the above e. None of the above
14. Pages 221-222 and Handout: Foliated metamorphic rocks can exhibit what kind of planar arrangements? a. Parallel alignment of platy and/or elongated minerals b. Parallel alignment of flattened grains and pebbles c. Compositional banding d. All of the above e. None of the above 15. Pages 221-222 and Handout: Foliation of metamorphic rocks can be formed by: __. a. Rotation of platy and/or elongated minerals b. Recrystallization of minerals c. Changing shape of grains into aligned elongated shapes d. All of the above e. None of the above 16. Page 223 and Handout: What are the major properties for Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks? a. Parallel alignment b. Elongated shape c. Deformation is minimal d. Equi-dimensional crystals e. Both c and d 17. Please see Handout: Porphyroblastic Metamorphic Rocks contain large grains surrounded by fine-grained matrix of minerals. a.
True b. False 18. Page 221: Which of the following rocks belong to Foliated Metamorphic Rocks? a. Slate b. Phyllite c. Schist d. Gneiss e. All of the above 19. Page 221: What is the correct order of Metamorphic Rock Type from Low Grade to High Grade? a. Schist, Gneiss, Phyllite, Slate b. Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss c. Slate, Gneiss, Phyllite, Schist d. Gneiss, Schist, Phyllite, Slate 20. Page 223: Migmatite is a mixture of igneous rock and relict metamorphic rock, and it contains lenses of granite. a.
True b. False 21. Page 223: Which of the following rocks are Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks? a. Marble b. Slate c. Quartzite d. Schist e. Both a and c 22. Page 223: What is the protolith (i.e., parent rock) of Quartzite?
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a. Limestone b. Mudstone c. Shale d. Quartz-rich sandstone 23. Page 223: What is the protolith of Marble? a. Limestone b. Mudstone c. Shale d. Pure quartz sandstone 24. Pages 230-233: Metamorphism can occur in various environments, including: __. a. Contact metamorphism b. Hydrothermal metamorphism c. Dynamic metamorphism d. Regional metamorphism e. All of the above 25. Page 230 (also Fig. 7.10a): Metamorphic Aureoles are concentric zones of metamorphism around an intrusion. a.
True b. False 26. Page 233: Hydrothermal metamorphism is widespread along axis of the Mid-Ocean Ridge system. a.
True b. False 27. Page 230: Dynamic Metamorphism is usually associated with fault zones where rocks are subjected to high lithostatic pressures. a. True b. False- high differential pressures 28. Pages 227~229: Index minerals are:_ a. Minerals that serve as good indicator of metamorphic grade b. Minerals that can be easily identified c. Minerals that occur only in specific zones d. None of the above 29. Pages 232-235 and Handout: Metamorphism is related to Plate Tectonics. For example, both the continent-continent collisions and subduction zones can cause metamorphism. a. True b. False 30. Page 241: Rock Cycle refers to:_ a. The physical iteration process due to metamorphism b. The cycle of sedimentary rocks from mountain to the sea floor c. The transformation of Earth materials from one rock type to another, and the iteration d. The circulation of igneous rocks from magma to lava 31. Pages 241~244: Why the rock cycles? a. Because of the rotation of Earth around the Sun b. motivated by the solar wind
c. The Earth is a dynamic planet d. There are many rock-forming environments e. Both c and d 32. Page 246 and Handout: What drives the Rock Cycle in the Earth System? a. External energy (Solar Heat) b. Internal energy (Earth’s internal heat)
c. Gravity d. Life e. All of the above