Sediments_and_Sedimentary_Rocks

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Fullerton College *

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100

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Geology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 1. Sediments result from these processes... - sedimentary rocks form from lithification (compaction and cementation), Compaction is squishing together, and Cementation is sticking together of sediments 2. Sediment is NOT transported by which of the following? -magma 3. What are the primary mode(s) of sediment transport? -gravity, rivers and streams, glaciers, and wind 4. There are three types of sediment. What are they called? -Detrital (clastic) -Biochemical -chemical 5. Sedimentary rocks are formed through a process called lithification, which involves...? - compaction and cementation are happening at the same time 6. True or False. Most sedimentary rocks are made of silicates and carbonates. -true 7. An example of a clastic sedimentary rock is... - sandstone and mudstone 8. An example of a chemical sedimentary rock is... - Chert, chalk 9. An example of an organic sedimentary rock is... -fossiliferous limestone 10. Clastic texture includes differences in grain...? -Size, how round, and how sorted 11. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers, with the _________ rocks at the top and the __________ rocks at the bottom of a formation. -The youngest at the top, the oldest at bottom 12. List the sedimentary structures. Which is used to aid in determining geologic time? - Cross beds, ripple marks, mud cracks, fossils -fossils Geologic Time 13. Which scientist was responsible for setting up the principles in relative dating, including superposition? - Nicholas steno was responsible for the principles of relative dating/superposition 14. Which scientist was responsible for developing the principle of fossil succession? - William smith developed the principle of fossil succession 15. Which scientist was responsible for developing the hypothesis of continental drift?

- Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis of continental drift 16. Which scientist was responsible for determining the absolute age of the Earth? - An age of 4.55 ± 0.07 billion years, very close to today's accepted age, was determined by Clair Cameron Patterson using uranium-lead isotope dating (specifically lead-lead dating) on several meteorites including the Canyon Diablo meteorite and published in 1956. - Clair Cameron Patterson was responsible for determining the absolute age of the earth 17. Which principle of relative dating is the most important? The book doesn’t say what principle specifically but I looked it up on Google and the sources I read point to superposition 18. Given a diagram, determine which principles of relative dating are shown. (1) original horizontality, (2) superposition, (3) lateral continuity, and (4) cross-cutting relationships 20. List the types of fossil preservation we discussed in class. unaltered soft or hard parts, altered hard parts, and trace fossils 21. What are the three eras of geologic time, in order from oldest to youngest? The 3 eras of time from oldest to youngest are Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic 22. Radiometric dating is a form of __________ dating using the radioactive decay of _________ (atoms with a different number of neutrons) to determine the exact age of an object. Radiometric dating is a form of absolute age dating using the radioactive decay of isotopes (atoms with a different number of neutrons) to determine the exact age of an object. 23. The specimen that had the absolute age you determined most likely belonged to which era of geologic time? 24. During what absolute times did the extinction events occur? 66 million years ago, 201 million years, 252 million years ago . 25. Which periods of time had these extinction events? Cretaceous Period, Triassic Period, Permian Period Dinosaurs and Paleontology 26. Paleontologists primarily study which two fields of science?

geology and biology in the study of dinosaurs and other ancient life forms.It excludes the study of anatomically modern humans 27. True or False. Paleontologists only study dinosaur fossils. False, Paleontology requires a combination of earth science and biological science, and it encompasses all forms of ancient life, including not only dinosaurs but also microorganisms, according to paleontologists. 28. True or False. Pangaea existed at the beginning of the Triassic period. False: From about 280-230 million years ago (Late Paleozoic Era until the Late Triassic), the continent we now know as North America was continuous with Africa, South America, and Europe. They all existed as a single continent called Pangea. 29. Where is our field trip located? Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. Groundwater, Soils, and Rivers 1. Understand and describe the parts of the water cycle, including the formation of surface runoff and groundwater. (Groundwater, Soil, and Rivers, Air is saturated with water, rises and cools in the atmosphere, liquid droplets condense and form clouds. Droplets grow larger until it falls on the surface for precipitation. Water evaporates again or flows over the surface and becomes streams, lakes, or soaks and becomes groundwater.) - The water cycle , describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools, and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the surface as precipitation. - The water cycle consists of three major processes: evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. - Evaporation , Evaporation is the process of a liquid's surface changing to a gas. In the water cycle, liquid water (in the ocean, lakes, or rivers) evaporates and becomes water vapor. Water vapor surrounds us, as an important part of the air we breathe. Water vapor is also an important greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide insulate the Earth and keep the planet warm enough to maintain life as we know it. The water cycle's evaporation process is driven by the sun. As the sun interacts with liquid water on the surface of the ocean, the water becomes an invisible gas (water vapor). Evaporation is also influenced by wind, temperature, and the density of the body of water. - Condensation , Condensation is the process of a gas changing to a liquid. In the water cycle,

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water vapor in the atmosphere condenses and becomes liquid. Condensation can happen high in the atmosphere or at ground level. Clouds form as water vapor condenses or becomes more concentrated (dense). Water vapor condenses around tiny particles called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). CCN can be specks of dust, salt, or pollutants. Clouds at ground level are called fog or mist. -Precipitation, As was the case with evaporation and condensation, precipitation is also a process. Precipitation describes any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth because of condensation in the atmosphere. Precipitation includes rain, snow, and hail. Fog is not precipitation. The water in the fog does not condense sufficiently to precipitate or liquefy and fall to Earth. Fog and mist are a part of the water cycle called suspensions: They are liquid water suspended in the atmosphere. Precipitation is one of many ways water is cycled from the atmosphere to the Earth or ocean. - Runoff , for instance, describes a variety of ways liquid water moves across the land. Snowmelt, for example, is an important type of runoff produced as snow or glaciers melt and form streams or pools. (Surface runoff often occurs because impervious areas (such as roofs and pavement) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or man-made processes. Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent of soil erosion by water.) - Transpiration is another important part of the water cycle. Transpiration is the process of water vapor being released from plants and soil. Plants release water vapor through microscopic pores called stomata. The opening of stomata is strongly influenced by light, and so is often associated with the sun and the process of evaporation. Evapotranspiration is the combined component of evaporation and transpiration and is sometimes used to evaluate the movement of water in the atmosphere. - Groundwater process - Most groundwater comes from precipitation. Precipitation infiltrates below the ground surface into the soil zone. When the soil zone becomes saturated, water percolates downward. A zone of saturation occurs where all the interstices are filled with water. (Groundwater is fresh water (from rain or melting ice and snow) that soaks into the soil and is stored in the tiny spaces (pores) between rocks and particles of soil.)

- States of Water , Through the water cycle, water continually circulates through three states: solid, liquid, and vapor . Ice is solid water. Most of Earth's fresh water is ice, locked in massive glaciers, ice sheets, and ice caps. As the ice melts, it turns to liquid. The ocean, lakes, rivers, and underground aquifers all hold liquid water. Water vapor is an invisible gas. Water vapor is not evenly distributed across the atmosphere. Above the ocean, water vapor is much more abundant, making up as much as four percent of the air. Above isolated deserts, it can be less than one percent. Like evaporation, condensation is also influenced by the sun. As water vapor cools, it reaches its saturation limit, or dew point. Air pressure is also an important influence on the dew point of an area. - (The water cycle describes how water is exchanged (cycled) through Earth's land, ocean, and atmosphere. Water always exists in all three places, and in many forms—as lakes and rivers, glaciers and ice sheets, oceans and seas, underground aquifers, and vapor in the air and clouds.) 3. Understand the terms water table, saturated zone, unsaturated zone, and capillary fringe in relation to an aquifer and groundwater. Water table- uppermost limit of the saturated zone, the boundary between saturated/unsaturated zones Saturated zone -area below the water table, pores, and fractures filled w water Unsaturated zone- aerated zone above the water table, pores and fractures filled with air Capillary fringe- area in which water flows beneath the zones thru hydraulic action, cohesion/adhesion 4. Be able to determine the difference in appearance between a geyser and a hot spring, as well as subsidence and a sinkhole.