Sedimentary Rock Chart

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Fullerton College *

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Geology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Sedimentary Rock Name Picture of Rock Rock Type (Clastic, Biogenic, Chemical) Rock Composition/Texture and other properties How did it form? Environment? Arkose Clastic Composed of Feldspar and Quartz. Sedimentary, reddish-brown in color. Arkose rock forms from the weathering of feldspar-rich igneous or metamorphic rock, most commonly granitic rocks, which are primarily composed of quartz and feldspar. Alluvial Fan, or Braided Stream Sandstone (other such as Red Sandstone) Clastic Composition – Quartz Color – White to light tan Miscellaneous – Feels Deposits of sand that eventually form sandstone are delivered to the basin by rivers, but may also be delivered by the action of waves or wind. Beach – Barrier Island, Nearshore Continental Shelf, Nearshore Lake, Stream Channels, or Dunes Fossil Limestone (also can be Skeletal Grainstone or Packstone) Clastic Composition – Calcite Color – Dark grey Miscellaneous - Visible fossils in crystalline matrix; Reacts with HCl; Hardness < Glass Limestone is usually a biological sedimentary rock, forming from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal, fecal, and other organic debris. It can also form by chemical sedimentary processes, such as the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water. Variable Depth Continental Shelf/Platform Marine Coal Biochemical Composition – Organic matter Color – black Miscellaneous – low density; sooty Forms from the accumulation of plant debris, usually in a swamp environment. When a plant dies and falls into the swamp, the standing water of the swamp protects it from decay. Swamp waters are usually deficient in oxygen, which would react with the plant debris and cause it to decay. This lack of oxygen allows the plant debris to persist. In addition, insects and other organisms that might consume the plant debris on land do not survive well by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under

under water in an oxygen-deficien Swamps Oolitic Limestone Chemical Composition – Calcite Color – White to tan Miscellaneous - Reacts with HCl; Hardness < Glass They are thought to form by inorganic precipitation of material around a nucleus while the clast is transported in wave- agitated waters or rolling across sediment surfaces. Tropical Climate; Shallow Marine Compact Limestone (Lime mudstone) Biochemical Composition – Calcite Color – White to tan Miscellaneous - Reacts with HCl; Hardness < Glass Forms where geothermally heated alkaline water, supercharged with dissolved gases and minerals, emerges at the surface. There, calcium carbonate and other minerals precipitate as the water degases and begins to evaporate Chalk Biochemical Composition – Calcite Color – White Miscellaneous - Massive, Earthy; Reacts with HCl; Hardness < Glass forms from an accumulation of calcareous shell remains of microscopic marine organisms such as foraminifera. It can also form from the calcareous remains of some marine algae. Deep Marine Sedimentary Rock Name Picture of Rock Rock Type (Clastic, Biogenic, Chemical) Rock Composition/Texture and other properties How did it form? Environment? Peat Biochemical Composition – Fibric, hempric Color – yellowish brown to brownish black color Miscellaneous - An unlithified heterogeneous mixture of a wide range Forms when plant material does not fully decay in acidic and anaerobic conditions. It is composed mainly of wetland vegetation: principally bog plants including mosses , sedges, and shrubs. by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under

of plant debris. It has a carbon content of less than 60% dry ash free and a volatile content of greater than 63% Swamps Travertine Chemical Composition – Calcite Color – white, red, yellow, orange, brown Miscellaneous - formed by the chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals from fresh water, typically in springs, rivers, and lakes; that is, from surface and ground waters It forms around the mouth of hotsprings and streams Conglomerate Clastic Composition – Quartz, Feldspar Color – Tan to brown Miscellaneous - Rounded clasts in a fine- to medium-grained matrix; Immature Forms where sediments of rounded clasts at least two millimeters in diameter accumulate. It takes a strong water current to transport and produce a rounded shape on particles this large. Wind transport is unlikely to produce a conglomerate. Alluvial Fan, Glacial (unstratified till), or Braided Stream Shale Clastic Composition – Clay minerals, quartz Color – Brown, dark gray to black Miscellaneous - Blocky Forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that we commonly call "mud." This composition places shale in a category of sedimentary rocks known as " mudstones ." Flood Plain, Lake (away from shore), Mid- continental Shelf, Delta, Tidal Flat, Lagoon, or Deep Marine Slitstone Clastic Composition – Quartz, clay minerals Color – Reddish-brown Miscellaneous - Massive; Feels slightly gritty Forms where water, wind, or ice deposit silt, and the silt is then compacted and cemented into a rock . by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under

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Flood plain, Delta, or Mid-continental Shelf Breccia Clastic Composition – Quartz, Fedlspar, Lithics Color – Reddish-brown Miscellaneous - Angular clasts in a fine- to medium-grained matrix; Immature Breccia forms where broken, angular fragments of rock or mineral debris accumulate. One of the most common locations for breccia formation is at the base of an outcrop where mechanical weathering debris accumulates. Another is in stream deposits a short distance from the outcrop or on an alluvial fan. lluvial Fan, or Glacial (unstratified till) Coquina Clastic Composition – Calcite Color – Tan Miscellaneous - oorly cemented shell fragments; Reacts with HCl; Hardness < Glass composed almost exclusively of sand-size fragments of calcareous shell and/or coral debris. A small amount of calcareous cement usually binds the grains together Beaches Sedimentary Rock Name Picture of Rock Rock Type (Clastic, Biogenic, Chemical) Rock Composition/Texture and other properties How did it form? Environment? Chert Chemical Composition – Silica or Microcrystalline Quartz Color – Tan to light gray Miscellaneous - Microcrystalline; Hardness > Glass Chert can form when microcrystals of silicon dioxide grow within soft sediments that will become limestone or chalk . In these sediments, enormous numbers of silicon dioxide microcrystals grow into irregularly-shaped nodules or concretions when dissolved silica is transported to the formation site by the movement of groundwater. Deep Marine by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under by Unknown Author is licensed under

Rock Salt Chemical Composition – Halite Color – colorless Miscellaneous - Crystalline; Tastes salty; Hardness < Glass Deposits of rock salt thick enough for underground mining or solution mining form under a rare set of geological conditions. The deposits shown on the accompanying map formed during times of high sea level, when shallow seas spread over extensive areas of continental crust. To deposit a thick layer of salt, long periods of sea water evaporation had to occur in an arid climate, in basins where there was a continuous or repeated influx of new ocean water Arid Climate; Shallow, restricted circulation Marine by Unknown Author is licensed under

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