Lab 6 Lecture - Realtive and Absolute Age Dating 2021(1)

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Oct 30, 2023

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LAB 6 DATING OF ROCKS, FOSSILS, AND GEOLOGIC EVENTS LABORATORY 8 – pg. 207 (11 th edition)
Age Dating ■ Relative Age Dating – the process of determining when something formed or happened in relation to other events ■ Absolute Age Dating – the process of determining when something formed or happened in exact units of time (years, millions of years, billions of years)
Relative Age Dating ■ To determine Relative Age we look at: – Formations – mappable geological units based on color, texture, rock type, etc… ( e.g. beds or layers) – Contacts – surfaces between formations ( e.g. bedding planes) Formations Contacts
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Relative Age Dating ■ Geologists use six basic laws for determining relative age relationships based on physical relationships
Relative Age Dating 1. Law of Original Horizontality – sedimentary and lava beds are originally deposited as relatively horizontal layers
Relative Age Dating 2. Law of Lateral Continuity – layer extend laterally in all directions until they thin to nothing or encounter an obstruction
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Relative Age Dating 3. Law of Superposition – in undisturbed sequences, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest layers are at the top OLDEST YOUNGEST
Relative Age Dating 4. Law of Inclusions – any piece of rock that has become included in another rock or layer must be older than that rock or layer
Relative Age Dating 5. Law of Cross Cutting Relationships – any feature that cuts across a layer must be younger than the layer it cuts across
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Relative Age Dating ■ Contact Relationships – determining if a contact between two formations is conformable (continuous) or unconformable (discontinuous with gaps of missing time in the geological record) – Unconformity – gaps form when there is no deposition or layers were removed by erosion
Unconformities ■ Disconformity – gap in geologic record between parallel sedimentary beds or lava flows
Unconformities ■ Nonconformity – gap in geologic record between younger sedimentary rocks and underlying older metamorphic or igneous rocks
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Unconformities ■ Angular unconformity – gap in geologic record between non-parallel beds
Example of Relative Age Dating 1) A is the bottom bed, so it’s the oldest followed by B C D (Superposition) 2) E is an unconformity surface that cuts across C & D , so it must be younger than those layers (Cross Cutting / Superposition) 3) F is above E and G is above F , so E F G (Superposition) 4) H cuts across all other beds, so it must be younger than all others (Cross Cutting)
Relative Age Dating 6. Law of Fossil Succession – as organisms become extinct, new organisms replace them, therefore, any rock layer containing a group of fossils can be identified and dated in relation to other layers based on the fossil assemblage
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Relative Age Dating ■ Index Fossils – a fossil that is useful to define the age of a sedimentary layer – Short lived, free-floating organism – Worldwide distribution – Abundant – Easy to identify
Fossil Range Zones ■ Range zone – sequence of beds that contain fossils of a species from first to last appearance
Absolute Age Dating ■ Radiometric Dating – determining the absolute age of materials based on the regular rate of decay of unstable radioactive isotopes ■ Decay Pair – set of an unstable parent isotope and its corresponding stable daughter isotope Unstable Parent Isotope Stable Daughter Isotope decays to stable form Carbon-14 Nitrogen-14 decays to stable form
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Absolute Age Dating ■ Half-life – the time it take for half of the parent atoms in a sample to decay to stable daughter atoms Age = (# of half-lives elapsed) * (specific half- life of decay pair)
Absolute Age Dating Example A sample of limestone was tested and found to have isotope values of 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14. 1. Based on these percentages, how many half-lives have elapsed? 2 half-lives
Absolute Age Dating Example A sample of limestone was tested and found to have isotope values of 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14. 2. What is the specific half-life of this decay pair? 5730 years
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Absolute Age Dating Example A sample of limestone was tested and found to have isotope values of 25% Carbon-14 and 75% Nitrogen-14. 3. Based on these values, what is the age of this particular sample? Age = (# of half-lives elapsed) * (specific half-life of decay pair) Age = 2 half-lives elapsed * 5730 years = 11,460 years
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Important Figures ■ 9 th edition ( Figure 8.10 ), 10 th edition ( Figure 8.11 ), or 11 th edition ( Figure 8.14 ) ■ Gives half-lives of four different isotope pairs and decay parameters (%s) of all decay pairs ■ Other necessary figures are referred to throughout the lab exercise within the relevant questions
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