Geo Week 4.2

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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131

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Geology

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Earth’s Layers ● The Crust - thinnest and outermost ● The Mantle - lies below the crust, upper mantle is cooler and harder, lower mantle is warmer and lie beneath ● Lithosphere - “the zone of rock” ● Mohorovicic Discontinuity Moho Part II ● Continental Crust (SIAL) - large amount of silicon and aluminum ● Oceanic Crust (SIMA) - large amount of silicon ● Asthenosphere is made up of Oceanic and Continental Crust.plates move creating submergiance etc… ● The Core When the Plates Touch: [Terms] *Normal Fault: *Thrust Fault: *Transform Strike or Slip Fault: *Grabe *Fault Line *Hanging Wall: *Foot Wall: *Rift Valley: *Comperssional Forces: *Tensional Forces: *Horst: Continental Drifting ● Alfred Wegener [German Scientist] ● Assistant - Rasmus Wilhelmsen ● Pangea (Greek for All Lands) ● Laurasia ● Gondwanaland Part II ● Fossil remains included ○ Cynognathus - Triassic Reptile ○ Lystrosaurus ○ Mesosaurus ○ Glossopteris ○ All these fossils were not able to fly or swim meaning that the land mass had to move for them to be found in the southern land mass. Landmass - Continental Drifting

● Pangaea - Super Content ● Lausasia & Gondwanaland - The content started to shift into these two Plate Tectonics ● Plate boundaries fall into three categories; Magma plume ○ Zones where two plates diverge ○ Zones where two plates converge ○ Zones where plates slide past one another (transform plate boundaries) Types of Plate Convergence ● Zones where plates converge ○ Convergence of oceanic crust within continental crust ○ Convergence of two plates carrying oceanic crusts ○ Convergence of two plates carrying continental crust Where in the world is the Mariana Trench located - Southeast of Japan What explains the occurrence of the Mariana Trench? What accounts for the occurrence of Mt. Everest Divergent Plate Margin/Boundary ● The Red Sea represents a young rift which is just beginning to separate Arabia from Africa ● Here, too, Volcanism is evident, as a result of rifting. Tanganyika ● Victoria Tana Transform Plate Margin/Boundary ● Here, plats are neither created nor destroyed ● They simply slide by one another ● Strike and slip Where the fossils where found

Which of the following fossil remains is found on the African indian and Antarctic content Earthquakes ● Are results of continuous stress accumulation and strain release along faults. Fore Shocks ● Seismic Waves; Dilatancy, radon gas, and displacement of the land ● 1.P - Waves Isostasy depression ● 2.S - Waves Isostatic upliftment ● Synthetic Aperture Radar: Primary Waves The faster of these body waves is called the primary or P that, as it spreads out, it alternately pushes (compresses) pulls (dilates) the rock. These P waves are able to travel through both solid rock, such as granite mountains, and liquid material, such as volcanic magma or the water of the oceans Secondary waves The slower wave through the body of rock is called the secondary or S wave. As an S wave propagates, it shears the rock sideways at right angles to the direction of travel.

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