Topic 2 Pt 3, Energy Resources and Society

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Earth as a Resource Readings Pages Chapter 14 • 503-544 Part 2: Energy and the Environment
Where does energy come from?
From the simplest algal scum to the most complex ecosystem, energy is essential to life. We convert food into energy every day to power our bodies. We use fuels to power our stuff.
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Throughout history, humans have discovered ways to take various sources of energy and use them to their advantage. The trend has been towards bigger and better sources of energy, from burning wood to nuclear energy. http://blog.teachersource.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/evolution-of-energy-0-300x242.jpg We keep seeking out more efficient and economical ways to make our lives easier.
Evolution of Energy https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/evolenergy.html Animals for manual labor, wood for heat Industrial revolution; coal used for steam engines, then power plants Early major reliance on coal, but a gradual shift towards oil Petroleum very important. Nuclear, hydro, wind and solar power also get tapped. Shift away from coal/oil towards natural gas, renewables, nuclear, hydrogen…?
Renewable Energy Resources http://pscsolaruk.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/psc-solar-uk-renewable-energy-source.jpg
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Non-renewable Energy Resources https://classroomclipart.com/images/gallery/Clipart/Environment/nonrenewable-resources-clipart.jpg
https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-consumption Activity: Energy Consumption
What are fossil fuels?
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• C is our principal source of energy and the raw material of many manufactured goods. • Combustion is a reaction with oxygen. • Combustion of carbon- based fuels produces CO 2 and water AND ENERGY C makes up less than 0.1% by weight of the Earth’s crust, but is the basis of all life
Coal is a fossil fuel produced from the accumulation, burial, and compaction of plant matter in soils. • Fossil O horizon • The quality of coal or rank increases with depth of burial/temperature: peat, lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. Anthracite is the most energy dense coal. Where do we expect it to form?
• Coal: largest source of energy electricity worldwide (abundant, cheap) • Burning coal adds a significant amount CO 2 to the atmosphere every year. • Adds SO 2 -an indirect greenhouse gas and component of acid rain- to the atmosphere. • Mining activities cause acid mine drainage https://www.therebel.media/a_prairie_oasis_how_dirty_coal_made_the_cleanest_park_in_alberta Coal-fired generating station and cooling pond, Sheerness, Alberta
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Acid Mine Drainage Pyrite can form through a variety of geologic processes and is widespread in a number of rock types. Pyrite in coal Pyrite vein in granite
Acid Mine Drainage Mining exposes previously buried pyrite to air and water, making it susceptible to chemical weathering.
Acid Mine Drainage 2FeS 2 + 7O 2 +2H 2 O -> 2Fe 2+ + 4SO 4 2- + 4H + Pyrite Air Water Ferrous ions Sulfuric acid The products of chemical weathering of pyrite are ferrous ions in solution, sulfuric acid, and hydrogen ions This is what we refer to as AMD, and it is problematic when it discharges into streams or groundwater.
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Acid Mine Drainage 2FeS 2 + 7O 2 +2H 2 O -> 2Fe 2+ + 4SO 4 2- + 4H + Pyrite Air Water Ferrous ions Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid greatly reduces the pH of water (pH = 0-6.5). Water contaminated with AMD has a greater capacity to weather even more rocks, adding more dissolved metals to already contaminated water.
Acid Mine Drainage As pH drops, it dissolves minerals. As pH rises (due to mixing with uncontaminated water or neutralizing agents), it triggers the precipitation of metallic minerals. The yellow colour comes from iron hydroxide minerals. Red/orange comes from iron oxides.
Effects of Acid Mine Drainage Low pH and high metal concentrations are harmful to fish and aquatic life and make the water unsuitable for drinking. It can also corrode infrastructure like bridges. Amazingly, some bacteria, yeast and archea thrive in AMD contaminated water.
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Acid Mine Drainage Remidiation
https://www.therebel.media/a_prairie_oasis_how_dirty_coal_made_the_cleanest_park_in_alberta
Petroleum is crude oil • Made of hydrocarbons (organic compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon) • Naturally occurring yellow to black liquid that forms in the subsurface • Used for: • Energy • Plastics • Fertilizers • Insecticides • Synthetic fibers • Paints • Cosmetics Oil-staining on rocks (core sample) What would life look like without petroleum products?
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Crude oil is a liquid hydrocarbon; natural gas is primarily methane (CH 4 ). • Form from the same source material, but natural gas tends to form under higher P and T, so it forms a greater depths than crude oil. • Gas is less dense than oil, so once it forms, it may migrate upwards until it is above the oil.
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How do economic deposits of petroleum form?
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Four conditions to form and preserve a petroleum deposit: 1. Source rock: often organic-rich sedimentary rock with commercial quantities of hydrocarbons (typically rocks that formed under anoxic condition) 2. Reservoir rock : where petroleum migrates to; porous and permeable 3. Caprock: Impermeable rock prevents oil from migrating further upward (like a lid) 4. Trap : Geological structure (e.g. anticline) that “traps” the oil Source Rock Trap (anticline) Figure 14.6 oil in an anticline is driven by gas pressure from above and by buoyant water pressure from below
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Traps 1. Anticline : convex upward fold 2. Salt dome : petroleum gets trapped along sides and near top of dome 3. Stratigraphic trap: formed as a result of lateral and vertical variations in the thickness, texture, porosity or lithology of the reservoir rock.
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Figure 14.5 Ancient salt deposits are buried deeply and, under pressure, it can flow and rise through weaknesses in the overlying rock. Salt Domes Salt forms from the evaporation of sea water in a restricted marine basin. Here, the addition of fresh water is limited, so the sea water becomes super concentrated in salts, leading to precipitation and deposition of layers of salt.
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Figure 14.4 Locations of salt domes on the U.S. Gulf Coast. More than 500 domes have been discovered on land and in the shallow parts of the gulf of Mexico, and more are known to be in deep water offshore.
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North America during the Devonian. Salt domes on Melville Island Major salt deposits (potash) also formed in western Canada as a result of evaporation of a restricted portion of a Devonian inland sea. Carboniferous deposits (and domes) are known from the Canadian Arctic and the Maritime Provinces. Some of these have produced significant oil and gas (read more: https://geology.com/stories/13/salt-domes/ https://www.cnsopb.ns.ca/geoscience- overview/exploration-history .)
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How do we extract fossil fuels?
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Figure 14.27 A schematic cross section illustrating conventional underground and surface coal-mining technology. Coal Mining
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The Atlas Coal Mine https://atlascoalmine.ab.ca /
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Figure 14.27 A schematic cross section illustrating conventional underground and surface coal-mining technology.
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Future coal use: converting coal into a synthetic replacement for oil and natural gas called syngas • Syngas is essentially methane, but has half the energy density of methane. • May still be economically viable because it is cheap to make. • In converting coal to syngas, CO 2 and SO 2 can be captured and then sequestered (stored) underground
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Oil Production: Drilling Oil is extracted through drilling wells • Reservoirs are under pressure • Oil moves from high to low pressure • Most wells require pumping • In many cases, oil and gas are produced together https://rigzonenews.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/screen-shot-2015-02-25-at-2-05-42-pm.png
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Figure 14.7 Multilateral drilling from an offshore platform allows many oil-producing zones to be tapped from one platform. In this illustration, four zones are tapped by lateral horizontal well bores. This can also be done on land.
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Pressure of the reservoir decreases over time • Secondary recovery may be used to increase pressure and therefore production • Gas injection • Water (or water + chemicals) injection • Enhanced recovery increases the mobility of oil to increase recovery • Steam injection • Adding surfactants to reduces surface tension between water and oil
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Figure 14.8 Steam, air, carbon dioxide, water or chemicals dissolved in water are injected into a sluggishly producing formation to stimulate the flow of oil to extraction wells.
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Once oil is produced, then it needs to be transported to a refinery.
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Unconventional Fossil Fuels Fort McMurray Oil Sands Mine
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Fracking
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When will we stop using fossil fuels? Is nuclear power a good energy option? What are the other sources of energy? Can we transition to 100% renewables? As fossil fuels run out/environmental pressures increase, the race is on to find alternative energy sources.
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