Unit 11_Geologic Time Lecture_Note Guide
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Feb 20, 2024
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Unit 11: Geologic Time Note Guide
Objective (Time is time, right?):
We’ve established that the Earth is ~4.6 billion years old. But how do we know this? Why is it
4.6 instead of 2.3 or 8.7? Are the methods scientists use reliable? What are those methods? What parts of the Earth are that old? What parts are younger? How can we tell which rocks are old and which rocks are young without dragging a multi-million dollar TIMS, SIMS, or SHRIMP machine out into the field? One of the major steps in our geologic journey is to establish how we read the rock record and determine geologic time.
What is geologic time? Geologic time
–
**
The
Principle
of
Uniformitarianism
– physical processes that operate in the modern world also operated in the past, at roughly the same rates, and these processes are responsible for forming the geologic features we observe in the world. **
How do we study the past?
o
Absolute age dating:
o
Relative age dating:
Relative Age Dating
6 major Principles:
1.)
The Principle of Superposition
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2.)
The Principle of Original Horizontality
3.)
The Principle of Lateral Continuity
4.)
The Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
5.)
The Principle of Inclusions
6.)
The Principle of Fossil Succession
Index
fossils
–
Baked Contacts
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Unconformities
o
Angular unconformity:
o
Nonconformity:
o
Disconformity:
o
Paraconformity:
Putting it together: Application of Relative Age Dating Principles
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Rock Correlation
o
Stratigraphic
formation
–
o
Geologic
contact
–
o
Stratigraphic
Column
–
Absolute Age Dating Geochronology
–
Radiometric Age Dating
o
Isotopes
–
o
Radioactive
decay
–
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o
Half-life
–
Case Study: Jack Hills formation, Western Australia
The Geologic Time Scale
A Brief History of Earth
The
PreCambrian
Hadean
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Archean
Proterozoic
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The
Phanerozoic
Eon
The Paleozoic Era
The Mesozoic Era
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The Cenozoic Era
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Studying
This
Unit
Apply a Critical Thinking strategy to main concepts (characterize the concept – describe
what it is; describe the geological significance – why did we talk about it?; describe the geological context – how does it fit into the larger discussion of Earth?)
o
Main concepts in this unit:
The Principle of Uniformitarianism
The 6 Relative Age Dating Principles
Unconformities
The Geologic Time Scale
A Brief History of Earth
Determine the sequence of events in the diagram below and answer the accompanying questions. This image is courtesy of the CK-12 Foundation (open access resource for academic use).
1.
Put the sequence of events in order from oldest to youngest.
2.
What relative age dating principle is used to determine the relative age of unit D?
3.
What relative age dating principle is used to determine the relative age of unit B?
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4.
What type of fault is E?
5.
If unit C is 201 Ma and unit A is 145 Ma, then what geologic time period does unit B
belong to? What geologic era does this period belong to?
One of the best ways to study concepts is to put yourself in the professor’s shoes: how would you teach these concepts to someone else? How would you evaluate someone that
you taught these concepts to? Write a set of 5 critical thinking and/or direct application test questions for this unit to help you prepare for potential exam questions.