LAB ASSIGNMENT 8

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University Of Arizona *

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1306

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Geography

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Feb 20, 2024

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Exercise 26 Problems—Part I Using the global map of biome distribution (Map T-30 in the back of the Lab Manual), the map of climate distribution (Map T-29), the maps of global temperature (Maps T-28a and T-28b), the map of global precipitation (on the inside front cover of the Lab Manual), as well as information about Köppen climate types from Exercise 23 , answer the following questions. 1. a. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with the tropical rainforest biome? (Af) Köppen climate type is most associated with the tropical rainforest biome. b. Describe the general temperature and precipitation characteristics of the climate in regions of the tropical rainforest biome. They receive high amounts of rainfall and have a high humidity of about 88% during their wet season and 77% in the dry season. 2. a. Describe the general locations of the tropical deciduous forest biome relative to the tropical rainforest biome (especially note the pattern in South America and Africa). Tropical rainforests are mainly located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn between the latitudes of 23.5°N and 23.5°S. b. Based on the differences in location noted in problem 2a, in what way(s) will the climate in regions of tropical deciduous forest differ from the climate in regions of tropical rainforest? Tropical rainforests remain warm all year and receive high rainfall whereas deciduous forests experience humidity most of the year with an average temperature of 25°C throughout the year. c. How do the climate differences noted in problem 2b help explain the presence of large numbers of deciduous trees in the tropical deciduous forest biome? Deciduous trees are found in regions where they are exposed to warm and cold air masses, have wet summers, and receive an average of 1000mm of precipitation yearly. These climate conditions explain why many deciduous trees are grown in tropical deciduous forest biome. 3. a. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with regions of the tropical scrub and the tropical savanna biomes? (Aw) and (As) Köppen climate types are most closely associated with regions of the tropical scrub and tropical savanna biomes. b. What characteristics of the climate in these regions would tend to limit the growth of extensive forests (such as those found in the tropical rainforest and tropical deciduous forest biomes)? Savannas receive very little rain in the dry seasons and will often not receive any rainfall for months at a time. This lack of precipitation and nutrients in these regions would explain why these regions tend to limit the growth of extensive forests.

4. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with the desert biome? (BWh) and (BWk) Köppen climate types are most closely associated with the desert biome. 5. a. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with the Mediterranean woodland and shrub biome? (Csa) and (Csb) Köppen climate types are most closely associated with the desert biome. b. Describe the general seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation in these locations. Mediterranean woodland and shrub biome typically range between 20-50°C with hot and dry summers with wet and milder winters. They receive a decent amount of rainfall averaging around 60cm throughout the year typically only presenting two seasons; summer and winter. 6. a. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with the midlatitude grassland biome? (Csa) Köppen climate is most closely associated with the midlatitude grassland biome. b. What characteristics of the climate in these regions would tend to limit the growth of forests? The dry and hot summers in this region tend to limit the growth of forests. While rainfall is present during the summer months, it isn’t sufficient for much growth. 7. Describe the general climate characteristics of regions of the midlatitude deciduous forest biome. (You may specifically note the Köppen climate type or types, but this isn’t necessary.) The general climate characteristics for regions of the midlatitude deciduous forest would contain moderate precipitation, and moderate to high season variations in temperature. 8. a. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with the distribution of the boreal forest biome? (Ef) Köppen climate is most closely associated with the distribution of the boreal forest biome. b. Describe the general characteristics of temperature and precipitation in these regions. The general characteristics of this region would include cold and dry almost all year. 9. a. Which Köppen climate type (or types) is most closely associated with the distribution of the tundra biome? (ET) Köppen climate is most closely associated with the distribution of the tundra biome. b. Describe the temperature and precipitation characteristics of the climate in these regions. The temperature and precipitation of this region would be cold and dry.

Exercise 26 Problems—Part II—Google Earth™ Go to the Hess Labs Media Website for Exercise 26 , and open the KMZ file for Exercise 26 , or view the Exercise 26 Google Earth™ video. After flying to Points 1 through 4, answer the following questions. 1. Based on the location and the general appearance of vegetation in the area, which biome is most likely found around: a. Point 1? Temperate deciduous forest b. Point 2? Temperate Grassland c. Point 3? Tropical Rainforest d. Point 4? Tundra 2. Why is the vegetation generally denser on the north sides of the slopes around Point 1? The vegetation is generally denser on the north sides of the slopes around Point 1 due to the north-facing slopes receiving less direct sunlight than the south-facing slopes. This suggests that the north-facing slopes are much cooler and carry more moisture which is ideal for vegetation. 3. Explain the meandering pattern made by the lines of green trees near Point 3. The meandering pattern made by the lines of green trees near Point 3 is caused by the evolution of meander bends in the river that flows through that area. As the river bends, the water on the outside of the bend erodes the bank while the water on the inside of the bend deposits sediment. Over time this process causes the river to shift its course, causing the trees that grow along the banks of the river to follow the meanders. Exercise 26 Problems—Part III—Internet 1. Enter the name of your city and state in the “Search” box; the map will zoom in on your location. Click on your city or neighborhood. What are the environmental attributes of the ELU in this location? a. Bioclimate: Very Hot/Dry

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b. Landforms: Flat or Nearly Flat Plains c. Rock Type: Unconsolidated Sediment d. Land Cover: Artificial Surface or Urban Area e. Is this ELU (shown in red on the map) widespread? Why or why not? Yes this ELU is widespread amongst the surrounding cities due to its geographical location. f. Click on a few other locations around your city. Which of the four environmental attributes vary the most in your area? Why? I would suggest that most of the attributes stay relatively similar in the surrounding cities other than the Bioclimates which change as you continue Northbound due to the elevation increasing. 2. “Mulalo Ecuador” into the “Search” box; you will zoom in on a region in the Andes Mountains of South America. Click on the city of Mulaló. What are the environmental attributes of the ELU in this location? a. Bioclimate: Cold and Wet b. Landforms: High mountains hills c. Rock Type: Pyroclastic d. Land Cover: Grassland e. Is the ELU of Mulaló widespread or localized? Localized f. Click on a few other locations or towns around Mulaló. Does the ELU change? Why? Yes, the ELU can change depending on the location. Factors which could include the elevation, distance from the coast, and nearby bodies of water affect the surrounding cities. 3. Click on Mount Cotopaxi (the high volcano a short distance to the east of Mulaló). What are the environmental attributes of this ELU? a. Bioclimate: Very cold, Very Wet b. Landforms: High Mountains c. Rock Type: Intermediate Volcanics d. Land Cover: Permanent snow and ice

e. What other places in this region are shown in red as the same ELU? Other places in the region that are shown in red as some ELU are likely to have similar all four environmental attributes. f. What helps explain this? This is explained due to their similar geological and environmental attributes. 4. Enter “Puerto Napo Ecuador” into the “Search” box; you will zoom in on a region in the upper Amazon Basin rainforest in eastern Ecuador. Click on the city name. a. Bioclimate: Very hot, moist b. Landforms: Low mountains c. Rock Type: Siliciclastic Sedimentary rock d. Land Cover: Artificial surface or urban area. e. Compared with the ELU around Mulaló, how widespread is this ELU? Why? The ELU is likely to be more widespread due to the larger area of tropical rainforest in the region. f. Click on a few other locations or towns in this area. Which environmental attributes vary most? Why? Environmental attributes around different locations in this region can vary significantly, depending on the elevation, and proximity to water sources. The land cover, bioclimate, and landforms are the most varied. 5. Enter “Mono Lake California” into the “Search” box; zoom in as far as you can on the lake. Next, enter the coordinates −119.27 38.38 into the “Search” box (38.38° N, 119.27° W); your view is now centered over the Sweetwater Mountains—an area of very high ecophysiographic diversity. Click on the mountains. What are the environmental attributes of the ELU in this location? a. Bioclimate: Hot summers, cool winters b. Landforms: High mountains, valleys, and desert terrain c. Rock Type: Granite, Volcanic & Sedimentary rock d. Land Cover: Desert scrub, sagebrush e. Click on several other locations in this immediate area. How do the ELUs change? By clicking on several other locations in the immediate area it’s possible to see the ELU change due to several factors including elevation, slope, and soil type. f. What environmental factors might help explain the great diversity of ELUs in this small area? The great diversity of the ELUs in this small area would be due to a difference in elevation, slope, precipitation, and temperature.

LAB ASSIGNMENT 8

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