Tieshia Brown Lab 2 Assignment
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Georgia State University *
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1113
Subject
Geography
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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8
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Lab 2: The Dynamic Planet
GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab
Name: Quantieshia Brown (Tieshia)
I.
Why Does Earth Have Layers?
1.
What causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers?
The varying densities of materials and the gravitational pull on them are what causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers. causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers. 2.
What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?
The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. 3.
The chemical name for the middle layer is the mantle
, while the innermost layer is called the core.
4.
What is the importance of the element, iron (Fe)? The element Iron (Fe) is important because it has a major role in the formation of planets and the geological processes.
II.
The Rock Cycle 1.
Fill out the diagram below of the rock cycle using the video and definitions given. Drag each term or phrase to its appropriate position in the cycle. Not only should each box on the diagram be filled in, but each arrow should have a label as well. Some are already given.
2.
If a rock looks “squished” and displays bands or layers, what kind of rock is this likely to be?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
3.
If a rock has vesicles formed from gas bubbles escaping, what kind of rock is this likely to be?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
4.
If a rock looks like it is made up of a bunch of smaller rocks and grains, what type of rock is this likely to be?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
Uplift
Weathering and Erosion
Deposition
Sediments
Uplift
Burial and Lithification
Sedimentary Rocks
Heat and Pressure
Metamorphic Rocks
Melting
Magma
Cooling
Igneous Rocks
Heat and Pressure
5.
Which type of rock is formed from the other two types of rocks?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
D.
All of the above
6.
Which type of rock would you most likely find near a beach or lake?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic 7.
Which type of rock would you most likely find near a volcano?
A.
Igneous
B.
Sedimentary
C.
Metamorphic
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III.
The Geologic Time Scale
Visit the link below and complete pages 6 through 9 in the interactive online tour. Answer the questions below that go along with the activity. You do not need to answer the questions at the end of the tour on page 10. Link: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage6.html
1.
Older rock layers are found at the bottom of the sequence, while younger rock layers are found at the top of the sequence.
2.
How old is the youngest buried fossil on page 7 and what is it called?
The youngest buried fossil is ammonites, and it is sixty-five million years old. 3.
Which fossil captures an organism that is still found on earth today? When did it first occur on earth?
The fossil that captures an organism that is still found on Earth today is Brachiopods. They occurred 400 million years ago. 4.
If you are trying to determine the age of a rock layer that is sandwiched between two ash layers of known age (top layer is 285 mya and bottom is 300 mya), which is an appropriate age for the middle rock layer?
A.
284 mya
B.
310 mya
C.
296 mya
D.
260 mya
5.
What is the primary distinguishing factor between each period of time on The Geologic Time Scale?
The primary distinguishing factor between each period on the Geologic Time Scale is Earth’s history in the rocks. The sequence tells us about the relative order in which things happened and the chemistry can provide the actual dates. 6.
What are the four major divisions of The Geologic Time Scale and how would you distinguish each of them?
Pre-Archaean: Refers to the time before Archaean. There is no evidence of life at that time. Archaean: Means original or ancient. Proterozoic: means before animal life. Phanerozoic
: This is the period of abundant, complex life on Earth. This was the start of the Cambrian period, 544 million years ago when most of the major groups of animals first appeared in the fossil record.
7.
What are the three eras belonging to the Phanerozoic eon and how would you distinguish each of them? Paleozoic: Ancient life. This includes fossils like brachiopods and trilobite.
Mesozoic: Middle life. This includes dinosaurs, cycads, and ferns.
Cenozoic: Recent life. This includes mammals, birds, flowering plants, and ray-finned fishes.
8.
What period and era did life on land first make its appearance? What is an example of these first land organisms?
Life on land first made its appearance during the Silurian period and the Paleozoic era. An example of the first land organism is corals or brachiopods. 9.
Which period and era would you have seen saber-toothed tiger or a giant ground sloth?
The saber-toothed tiger would be in the Cenozoic era during the Quaternary period.
10.
In your own words, describe and name a period in the Mesozoic era that you find most interesting.
The Mesozoic period had one of the largest extinctions which was in the Permian period. This is also when dinosaurs roamed the Earth and oceans were full of fish, squid, and coiled ammonites. I think it’s interesting that the first fossils of many insect groups were discovered. 11.
Describe and name the period and era in which the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history occurred. The period and era that had the largest mass extinction was the Permian period during the Mesozoic Era. This is where dinosaurs and ammonites went extinct. This is also when the first fossils of many insect groups, modern mammals, and birds were discovered. IV.
Relative Dating
Use the diagram below to answer the questions on relative dating.
1.
A fault has shifted some of the rock layers. Which is older, the fault or the granite?
Granite
2.
Which rock is older, the granite or the blue rock inside the granite? The granite is older.
3.
Describe the youngest rock layer.
The youngest rock layer sits at the top. These rocks can cut through layers which means they are younger. 4.
A wavy line indicates something happened to the deformed rock layers at the bottom of the sequence. What do you think happened to cause this uneven, missing surface? I think that the rocks terminated abruptly, underwent deformation, or eroded. This could have been caused by abrupt bed termination that is faulty and unconfirmed. 5.
Which is younger, the deformed rock layers or the granite?
The granite is younger.
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V.
Radiometric Dating Visit the link below, explore each tab of the Radioactive Dating Game, and answer the questions on radiometric dating below. Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-
physics.html?simulation=radioactive-dating-game
1.
Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Carbon-14 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom. What element does Carbon-14 decay into?
It is estimated that the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom is 5730 billion years. The element that Carbon-14 decays to is Nitrogen 14.
2.
Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Uranium-238 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom. What element does Uranium-238 decay into?
It is estimated that the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom is 4200 billion years. The element that Uranium-238 decays to is lead-206.
3.
Under the “Decay Rates” tab, what is the percentage of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 at the second half-life? Do these percentages change for uranium/lead at the second half-life?
The percentage of Nitrogen-14 at the second half-life is 75% and the percentage for the Carbon-14 second half-life is 25%. The percentages do not change for uranium/lead second half-life. 4.
Under the “Measurement” tab, select Uranium-238 and Rock, then erupt the volcano and drag the probe to the rock. As time goes on, does the percentage of uranium in the rock increase, or decrease? Does the rate of change in percentage seem to speed up or slow down over time?
As time goes on, the percentage of uranium in the rock decreases. The rate of change in percentage seem to speed up overtime. 5.
Now that you have explored a bit, briefly describe the relationship between radioactive decay and the half-life of an isotope.
I believe that the more there is radioactive decay the lesser time a living organism have on earth. I also think that the as radioactive decay decreases the percent of change that living organism have on living decreases rapidly. 6.
Under the “Dating Game” tab, choose either Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 as your probe type, and leave the probe set to “Objects”. Fill out the table below with the appropriate ages for each item. If the percentage of the isotope is 0%, then the age of the item is either too young or too old to use the chosen dating method and you must switch to the other. Write N/A in the boxes where the specific dating method cannot be used. Carbon-14
Uranium-238
Wooden Cup
950 Years
N/A
Bone
1,483 Years
N/A
Fish Bones
16,032 Years
N/A
Rock 1
N/A
133,000,000 Years
Rock 3
N/A
437,000,000 Years
Rock 5
N/A
1.25 billion years
7.
The trilobite fossil cannot be dated using the Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 methods. Switch the probe type to “Custom”. How long of a half-life would an isotope need to have in order to date this fossil? How old is the trilobite?
The isotope would need to have a half-life of 100 my to date the fossil. Trilobite is 309,000,000 billion years old.