module 3 worksheet

INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE CITIES: GEOG2400 MODULE 3 WORKSHEET TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE: 200 SECTION 1: COLONIALISM—OLD & NEW (COVERING INSTRUCTOR PRESENTATION 3.1), TOTAL POINTS = 45 1. Explain the differences between colonialism and imperialism (4 points). Colonialism is a system of government that defends an unequal system of commodity exchange. Edward said that it was more than just an economic process. He believed that it was in place to impose the superiority of the European way of life in terms of colonization of the minds and bodies as it was of economies making it harder to throw off. It spreads people's identities. Imperialism is connected to colonialism. It is the establishment and maintenance over an alien people for a long period of time. For instance, England controlled several territories at one time. 2. Explain how people of the “West” are able to control people of the “East” (4 points). Eastern settlement altered the Great Plains. Farmers plowed the native grasses to sow wheat and other crops, nearly eradicating the vast herds of American bison that formerly roamed the plains. As a viable way to transport cattle to markets, the railroad increased the importance of the cattle business. The lives of Natives in the West were significantly impacted by the extinction of the bison and the expansion of European civilization Despite a few triumphs, the American Indians appeared condemned to defeat in the next battles against the larger population of settlers and the US government's armed might. Most American Indians were confined to reservations by the 1880s, sometimes in the lease appealing parts of the West. 3. Explain why manufacturing in the colonies was discouraged, or, in those instances where it had already been established before colonization, dismantled (4 points). 4. Summarize how colonization has left a lasting imprint on each of the following (2 points each): a. Demography: i. The age structure of population and the dynamics of the population. People from around the world were brought together. There was a shift in people around the different colonies and there was a mixing of cultures. b. Education:

i. Rodney is saying that there is an intentional process, and it was not needed to educate the elites because only a minority actually entered the economy. People were educated in the Western ideals and styles . c. Transport: i. There was intensive railroad development that happened in 1880 and 1916 because it was exporting wheat and beef. The railroads were developed by the British and it has an outward orientation. The process happened after Argentina gained its independence it was still dominated by the Europeans which is why it is an imprint. d. Administrative, legal, and judicial systems: i. With each nation having its own unique socio-cultural organization and legal culture, colonialism frequently required the extensive transfer of laws and legal institutions. The outcome was the creation of two legal systems: one for the colonizers and one for the colonized people. e. Economic activities: i. In the time period where Brazil was colonized, there was an universal product exporting which was sugar which shifted to coffee and sugar. When colonizers moved to different countries, instead of having a wide range of products, they had a transition over to specialization in particular crops and agriculture became dominant. The cultivation had a long-lasting impact. 5. Summarize the main characteristics of the following eras (2 points each): a. Mercantile colonialism: i. A system that gave the impression that colonies were important because they helped the home nation and were not helpful until they made money. Additionally, the mother nation was required to acquire assets and raw resources and transform them into completed products for sale. b. Industrial colonialism: i. Capitalism arose as a world system by the late 18th century. It became focussed in Europe because colonization was giving power to the Europeans to develop their own society with it happening anywhere else. ii. The Industrial Revolution was taking place where the goal had become to find more and cheap sources of raw materials. One of the things they did was expand the production of cheap food overseas to lower the costs of labor production.

ideal for sustainability. Global climate change is only able to be addressed in a collective way and agreement from different countries. The two systems are competitive and environmental, then they are at odds with each other. i. Individualism vs collectivism ii. Consumption vs conservation iii. Competition vs cooperation SECTION 2: GLOBALIZATION & THE REDISTRIBUTION OF JOBS (COVERING INSTRUCTOR PRESENTATION 3.2 (Q1-6, Q AND READINGS ON THE CREATIVE CLASS, AMENITY- DRIVEN GROWTH (Q7 & 8) AND COMPETITIVE CITIES), TOTAL POINTS = 60 1. Explain the following perspectives on economic globalization (2 points each), and identify where you stand (2 points): a. Hyperglobalists: i. It is the existence of a single global economy. The growth of MNCs and global finance superseded the national level of economics. They believe that globalization is a way to advance the political-economic order of the world toward a post-state-centric system centered on markets. IT is happening because of the expansion of capitalism. There is a positive impact to this by reducing the interference of the government because free trade and markets can benefit everyone when talking in the long term. In terms of geographical implications it was the end because the distance and location did not matter anymore however, the clusters would still rise and fall according to global markets. In terms of political implications, it is inevitable. b. Skeptics: i. It is a myth that is created to mask neoliberalism. The firms are nationally embedded and with that the investment flows are concentrated in the advanced states. The world economy was more globalized in 1890 to 1914.In terms of political implications, the markets can be controlled and regulated and the government has a key role and has a need for the new international institutions and cooperation between the states. c. Transformationalists: i. It involves changes and increased flows and connections. It is not really new. In terms of political implications, globalization is influenced by the governments despite the fact that there are new forms of policy that may be required. 2. What are the most important contemporary processes of economic globalization? (3 points) a. Increasing levels of trade b. Global consumption patterns c. Global financial flows d. Neoliberalism e. The rise of foreign direct investment and the multinational corporations 3. In what ways can contemporary globalization be described as an uneven process? (3 points)

a. It can be an uneven process meaning each area is affected differently and not the same so there are winners and losers. This can be shown through the trade gap between China and the United States. There has been an increase in the trade gap so there is a difference in the amount of goods imported vs exported. Therefore, there are some places in China that are booming and some places in the United States that are shrinking. Thinking about it geographically, there is an increase in income in the average household and a shrink for the cities in the household income, certainly in the south and mining communities. 4. Who are some of the winners and losers in the global economy? (3 points) a. Google, Facebook, and Apple are three of the big four who are based in Silicon Valley, and Amazon, the last of the big four, has one headquarter in Seattle and Washington and others that are under construction. GEOG2400, MODULE 3 WORKSHEET 4 5. What is “deindustrialization” and how does it relate to economic globalization? (3 points) a. The Rust Belt and coal mining industrial areas are both geographic areas that are deindustrializing so that the industrial sector is shrinking and people are losing jobs and there is anxiety. This area would be full of industries that are on the decline. 6. How has employment in various economic sectors changed over time? (3 points) a. Shift in economic sectors. The primary sector is agriculture, forestry, and fishing which went from like 10 percent to 1 percent. Manufacturing and Mining has been on a continuous decline since 2015. Services and Construction have been filling in most of the gap. 7. How is globalization defined in the “Amenity-Driven Urban Growth” reading, and how has the process affected cities? (3 points) a. Globalization includes culture and amenities that redefine the economic rules. It has three different meanings. The first was the city as a global market participant in fiscal and economic production. The key idea is that when the global markets rise the regulations fall. It is important for the local governments because they look to encourage the local economic development and production. The second meaning is the city as an entertainment machine. In this, the focus is on consumption instead of production. For instance MTV and CNN are seen as bringing a standard world war that encourages more global consumption. A lot of the consumption is driven by the local specifics. The third meaning is the city as a global democracy. It is the impacts of global leaders and organizations that lag. It adds news issues to local political agendas which leads political parties to embrace them or be challenged by other parties. 8. Based on the “Amenity Driven Urban Growth” reading, how have amenities been defined, and how has this definition changed over time? (Hint: see top of page 497) (3 points) a. Amenities is a nonproduced public product with no specified price, similar to weather quality. In actuality, earlier empirical research included certain government functions like public safety and education. 9. Who, according to Florida in the Creative Class readings, comprise the creative class? (3 points) a. It is the people that are the creative class. THe members engage in work where the function is to create meaningful new forms. This includes scientists, poets, engineers, actors, artists, novelists, etc. Thes members produce new designs that are transferable and useful like designing a product that can be made, sold, and used around the world and can be used over and over again. It also includes creative professionals who work in a range of knowledge based occupations. THey engage in creative problem-solving

16. How might technologyaffectspacesofproductionandconsumptionincitiesinthefuture,andthepeoplewho live in them? (7 points) a. GEOG2400, MODULE 3 WORKSHEET 7 SECTION 3: POVERTY (COVERING VIDEO WEALTH DISTRIBUTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND READINGS ON POVERTY TOTAL POINTS = 50 Video: Wealth Distribution in the United States (see HuskyCT) Complete these boxes to identify how you think wealth in the United States is distributed (4 points): (If you think wealth is distributed evenly, you would put 20% in each box). How I think wealth in the United States is distributed Bottom 20% 10% Second 20% 15% Middle 20% 15% Fourth 20% 25% Top 20% 35% How I think wealth in the United States should be distributed Bottom 20% 10% Second 20% 15% Middle 20% 20% Fourth 20% 25% Top 20% 30% Reading: American Attitudes about Poverty and the Poor 1. Referring to Table 1, what was the top reason that people gave for poverty? (2 points) a. The top reason was drug abuse for the first question and people not doing enough for the third question. 2. What was the second reason given? (2 points) a. The second reason was medical bills.

3. Where on the list does being a single-parent family rank? (2 points) a. It is tied for third spot on the list along with too many jobs being part-time or low-wage. 4. Where on the list does the reason of there being too many jobs that are part-time or low wage? (2 points) a. It is tied for third spot on the list along with being a single-parent family rank. 5. Why would the welfare system be a cause of poverty? (3 points) a. It is because the bureau determines the poverty status of a family by comparing the family's pre-tax cash income with a poverty threshold depending on the size and composition of the family. 6. Are the perceptions surprising to you, why or why not? (8 points) a. I did not find it to be that surprising because these are the reasons that are typically associated with poverty the most in my opinion. This may seem to be stereotypical but even in movies they tend to tie poverty with drug abuse and paying off the bills for medication and wanting to buy more drugs. It appears to be stereotypical but when I saw the table I was not surprised. Reading: American Attitudes About Poverty and the Poor II Hard Work and Motivation 1. What is the most persistent stereotype about the poor (especially those on welfare)? (3 points) a. It is that they are unmotivated and lack aspirations to get ahead in life and do not work hard enough to succeed. 2. What value do those who are poor place on education? (3 points) a. They believe that education is valuable for its own sake, and is a source for personal pride and an example for children to up their economic mobility. 3. What reason(s) is/are given for people in poverty failing to translate educational values into concrete goals? (3 points) a. It is because they are not aware about local education resources or have access to it and that these resources are limited and difficult to reach. 4. What are some other possible reasons you can think of that might impede people’s educational attainment? (3 points) a. They do not know about the different ways that one can learn without going to school. 5. How do welfare mothers feel about receiving welfare and about other people’s perceptions of them? (3 points) a. They dislike it, hate it, and do not want it. They feel degraded and do not want the public view of them to be that they are lazy and avoid work because they also maintain a home and raise children. They value how they are able to combine the work, welfare, and family support. Reading: Excerpt from Hand to Mouth: Living in Bootstrap America by Linda Tirado 1. Why did the author end up losing her truck? (3 points) a. The truck was towed and she had called the company and they told her that they needed a few hundred dollars for the fee and the author did not have the money so she told then that she would call back when she got paid and when she went there to get it back after she was paid, they told her that it was for 1000 dollars which was triple the amount of her paycheck. 2. What were some of the reasons that the author had lost apartments? (3 points)

1898: Ford establishes the Detroit Automobile Co., producing all of two cars before the company fails three years later. 1899: Ransom E. Olds opens Detroit's first auto manufacturing plant. Nov. 3, 1901: Ford opens his second car company, Henry Ford Co. Ford leaves the company in August 1902, and it becomes the Cadillac Motor Co. Detroit is America's 13th biggest city, with a population of about 286,000. June 16, 1903: Ford starts the Ford Motor Co. in Detroit; among the 12 initial investors are brothers John and Horace Dodge, who start manufacturing their own Dodge cars in 1915. Ford soon moves his operations to the suburb of Dearborn. (The company hasn't built a car in Detroit since 1910.) Sept. 16, 1908: William Durant and Charles Stewart Mott found General Motors in Flint, Mich., as a holding company for Buick. (Today, GM is now the only one of the major U.S. automakers headquartered in Detroit proper.) June 6, 1925: Walter Chrysler starts the Chrysler Corp. in Detroit. It is now headquartered in Auburn Hills, a Detroit suburb. 1950: Detroit's population hits 1.85 million, making it America's fourth-largest city, with 296,000 manufacturing jobs. 1958: The 3,500,000-square-foot Packard Motor Car Co. factory in Detroit, opened in 1903, is shuttered. It still stands today, a symbol of Detroit's long, slow decline. 1959: Berry Gordy founded Motown Records. He names the record company's center of operations, a two-story house at 2648 West Grand Boulevard "Hitsville USA." And he isn't exaggerating. With artists like the Supremes, the Temptations, Martha and the Vandellas, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, and the Jackson 5, Motown had 120 singles hit the Top 20 in the 1960s, and changed the direction of popular music. July 23-28, 1967: The Twelfth Street riot, one of the biggest in U.S. history, pits inner-city black residents against police, then National Guard troops sent in by Gov. George Romney and Army soldiers deployed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In five days of rioting, 43 people are killed, 467 injured, and more than 7,200 arrested. Some 2,000 buildings were destroyed. 1974: Detroit elects Coleman Young as its first black mayor. He serves until 1993. July 1992: Moody's cuts Detroit's debt rating to junk status.

1994-2001: Under Mayor Dennis Archer, the city's credit rating rises to a solid investment grade, on the back of a bout of urban renewal. 1999: Stroh's Brewery Company is sold to Pabst and Miller, with its brands either divided between the two breweries or discontinued. 2002-2008: Under Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, the city's credit ratings start to slide back into junk territory. September 2008: Kilpatrick pleads guilty to obstruction of justice charges and leaves office. December 2008: President Bush gives a provisional $17.4 billion bailout to GM and Chrysler. May-July 2009: Chrysler and GM declare bankruptcy, and the Obama administration provides financing and guides the automakers through expedited bankruptcy proceedings. March 2011: The U.S. Census Bureau reports that Detroit's population has fallen to 713,777, a 25 percent plummet from 2000 and the lowest level in 100 years. Detroit's finances are premised on a minimum tax base of 750,000 people. A new law, Public Act 4, that allows the state to intervene in financially troubled local governments takes effect. Dec. 21, 2011: Michigan Treasurer Andy Dillon says that the state will conduct a formal review of Detroit's finances. November 2012: Voter repeal Public Act 4. The next month, Gov. Rick Snyder signs a replacement bill, Public Act 436, that lets struggling local governments choose between mediation, a deal with the state, a state-appointed emergency financial manager, or Chapter 9 bankruptcy. Feb. 19, 2013: A state review board appointed by Snyder decides that Detroit is in "operational dysfunction," unable or unwilling to restructure its finances, and needs intervention from the state. March 25, 2013: Kevyn Orr, a restructuring specialist appointed by Snyder as Detroit emergency manager, takes office, at an annual salary of $275,000. May 13, 2013: Orr, in his first public report on Detroit's finances, calls the city "clearly insolvent." June 14, 2013: Orr says Detroit will stop making payments on some of its $18.5 billion in debt, putting it in technical default. Orr also lays out a plan to restructure Detroit's finances to avoid bankruptcy, including cuts to the pensions and health benefits of retired city workers and a steep haircut on municipal bonds.