Lab 3

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Lab 3 Questions Q1: What are the two most abundant gases in both the stratosphere and troposphere? Oxygen and Nitrogen. Q2: Compared to the other layers of the atmosphere, of what does the troposphere have high concentrations? Water Vapors and Particulates. Q3: For the Earth as a whole, what percentage of the incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds and other parts of the atmosphere? You need to examine the figure above to find the numbers you will use when calculating the percentage. A percentage is a proportion multiplied by 100. 79% Q4: For the Earth as a whole, what percentage of the incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere? You need to examine the figure above to find the numbers you will use when calculating the percentage. A percentage is a proportion multiplied by 100. Also, you examined a major component of this absorption in the Stratospheric Ozone lab. 78% Q5: What percent of the global atmosphere is carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ? Lab 5 and other subsequent labs have an emphasis on CO 2 . 0.039% Q6: How do atmospheric pressure and density change with an increase in altitude? The atmospheric pressure decreases rapidly with an increase in altitude and so does the density.

Q7: Why do kicked footballs tend to travel farther at stadiums located at higher elevations? Less air means less resistance. Q8: Why do you think temperatures are higher at the surface than at the middle and upper portions of the troposphere? The temperature gets colder as you head up in the troposphere. The light from the sun heats up the bottom/ground. Q9: How would you describe the change in air density with an increase in altitude and how does that compare to what you learned in the previous sections? The density decreases as the altitude increases because of the decrease in the atmospheric pressure. Q10: Which gas had the largest proportional increase in mass when moving from the upper troposphere to the surface? Why? Water Vapor because is concentrated near earth’s surface. Q11: Why was your surface pressure higher or lower than the SLP of your location? If your location is Falcon Field, then remember that the surface pressure was measured at 245 meters above sea level. Because of the altitude. Q12: Which region of Earth generally has the highest concentration of water vapor and which region generally has the lowest concentration? The tropics have the highest concentration of water vapor. The poles have the lowest. Q13: Why would the distribution of water vapor change across the globe in the way that you identified in Q13? (i.e., Why would the region that had the highest concentration be expected to have the highest concentration and why would the region that had the lowest concentration be expected to have lowest concentration?) Because of solar heat, water evaporates then turns into water vapor in the tropics. Water freezes and later turns into ice in the poles.

Q14: How would you describe the movement of the area with the most water vapor over the course of a year? Water vapors decrease in the winter and increase in the summer. Q15: How does the movement you just described relate to what you learned in the Solar Radiation & Seasons lab? Solar radiation and water vapors decrease in winter and increase in the summer. Q16: How would you describe the movement of the area with the most cloud cover throughout the year? The movement is exaggerated over Africa; therefore, it is best to look at the white areas over Africa and observe how they move throughout a year. NASA also provides the answer to this question in its text below the animation. Monthly, cloud bands go from north to south of the equator with the seasons. Q17: For subtropical areas that are mostly cloud-free, what would be the effect on the amount of solar radiation and also the temperature at the surface of that region from having such little cloud cover? Hint: You looked at a landmass in January at the end of Lab 1 (Solar Radiation & Seasons). It increases in other areas. Q18: What is the most likely source of the high concentration of particulates that appear off the coast of northwestern Africa? The desert would be the most likely source.

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Q19: During what months are there typically high concentration of particulates over central Africa just south of the equator (i.e., the southern portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and over central South America (i.e., west/central Brazil)? Brazil: June – September and South American: July - September Q20: What is the most likely source of the high concentrations of particulates over central Africa and central South America? Widespread fires that type place during dry seasons. Q21: What is the most likely source of the high concentrations of particulates over eastern China? Air pollution made possible by humans. How does the troposphere differ from the stratosphere? The troposphere has a lower ozone concentration and higher concentration of water vapors compared to the stratosphere. How does the composition of the troposphere change with a change in altitude? Water vapors decreases with an increase in altitude. How does the composition of the troposphere change with a change in latitude? It is much cloudier around the equator and have higher water vapor than the poles has.

Lab 3

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