Tieshia Brown Lab 4 Assignment_Online
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Feb 20, 2024
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Lab 4: Tectonic Landforms & Crustal Deformation GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab
Name: Quantieshia Brown (Tieshia)
I.
Crustal Deformation 1.
What causes deformation of the earth’s crust?
Deformations are caused by the shifting of tectonic plates located in the Earth’s crust.
2.
What types of structures are formed by deformation?
The structures that are formed by deformation are folds, faults, foliations, and joints.
3.
Which of the following forces causes faulting?
A.
Tensional force
B.
Compressional force
C.
Shear force
D.
All of the above
4.
Describe the difference between stress and strain.
The difference between stress and strain is that stress is defined as a force applied over a certain area. Strain refers to the change of the material due to stress. 5.
What is the difference between elastic and ductile deformation?
The difference between elastic and ductile deformation is that elastic deformation is s reversible strain, which means the material returns to its original form whereas ductile deformation is a permanent strain and the material does not revert to its original form.
II.
Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
1.
How is a mountain formed?
Plates have many ways of moving two of which are converging which causes plates to move toward each other and diverging which causes plates to move away from each other. Plates can also move in a parallel direction which causes transform boundaries. As two plates move closer to each other or converge, it creates intense pressure. This pressure can cause the plates
to buckle in different ways. This process is the way mountains are formed. 2.
Describe the three main types of mountains. Fold mountains
are known as the most common type of mountain. As two plates converge, the crust pushes upwards forming the upward folds or anticlines and the downward folds or sink lines of the mountain. Fold mountains are relatively young.
Fault Block Mountains
are also formed when two plates converge rather than the crust folding under the intense pressure of the moving plates, it cracks along the lines of weakness called fault lines. The crust breaks into a block which is pushed upwards through the actions of the wind and the rain through the process of weathering and erosion. This will help shape the mountain. In most cases, the block between the fault lines is pushed down to form a rift valley.
Dome Mountains is the result of molten rock from the mantle pushing its way up under the Earth’s crust without erupting onto the surface. The magma pushes up the overlaying layers of rock which then bulge upwards. Eventually, the magma cools and becomes hardened rock. 3.
What percentage of the world’s active volcanoes erupt each year? (Hint: You have to do some math. Show your work.)
500 volcanoes are active and 25 erupt each year. 500-25=475
25/475= 0.05263158
0.05263158 x100 = 5.263158
5% of volcanoes erupt each year.
4.
Aside from the fact that living near a volcano can be dangerous, what is one benefit it would provide?
One benefit that is provided when living near a volcano is that the land around the volcano is rich in minerals, resulting in fertile soils ideal for agriculture.
5.
Name and describe the point above the focus of an earthquake.
The epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface that is above the focus of an earthquake. This
is where the earthquake is felt most strongly.
III.
Folding
Several images of clay models of an anticline, syncline, basin, and dome are provided unlabeled. Each model includes an image of ~0.5 inch cut off the top of the landform to represent erosion. Additionally, the dome and basin models have been cut in half to show the cross section of these two landforms. Insert the appropriate image under each label below and answer questions 1 – 4 that go along with each model.
Anticline: Anticline (eroded): 1.
Which rock layer is in the middle of an anticline fold, the oldest or youngest?
The oldest
Syncline:
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Syncline (eroded):
2.
Which rock layer is in the middle of a syncline fold, the oldest or youngest?
The youngest
Basin: Basin (eroded):
Basin (cross-section): 3.
Which rock layer is in the middle of a basin fold, the oldest or youngest?
The Youngest
Dome: Dome (eroded): Dome (cross-section): 4.
Which rock layer is in the middle of a dome fold, the oldest or youngest?
The Oldest
IV.
Faulting Several images of clay models of a normal fault, thrust fault, and strike-slip fault have been provided unlabeled. Insert the appropriate image under each description below and name the fault and stress type that relates to each model. Model A:
A diagonal fault (top right corner to bottom left corner) is cut through a clay block and the hanging wall is
moved upward. 1 cm/rock layer is eroded from the surface of the hanging wall. What type of fault is this? What type of stress caused this fault to form (compressional, tensional, or shear)?
Picture of Model A:
Fault Name: Thrust Fault
Stress type: Compressional
Model B:
A vertical fault is cut through a clay block and the right half is moved forward (toward you). 1 cm/rock layer is eroded from the surface. What type of fault is this? What type of stress caused this fault to form (compressional, tensional, or shear)?
Picture of Model B:
Fault Name: Left Lateral Strike-Slip Fault
Stress type: Shear
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Model C:
A diagonal fault (top left corner to bottom right corner) is cut through a clay block and the hanging wall is
moved downward. 1 cm/rock layer is eroded from the surface of the footwall. What type of fault is this? What type of stress caused this fault to form (compressional, tensional, or shear)?
Picture of Model C:
Fault Name: Normal Fault
Stress type: Tensional