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Indeed, it is paramount to identify the main sources of finances for an
organization. The Apple Corporation’s most recent annual report can be obtained from
its website, apple.com. It is a comprehensive document, detailing the company’s
financial and operational performance over the previous year. It includes information on
the company’s income and expenses, asset values, and sources of financing. The main
sources of finance for Apple Corporation in 2021 are long-term debt, short-term debt,
and equity. Long-term debt accounted for $110.2 billion, short-term debt accounted for
$9.1 billion and equity accounted for $195.2 billion (Apple.com, 2022). The company’s
equity and debt totals are reported in the annual report.
To calculate the gearing ratio, one must first calculate the total debt of Apple
Corporation. This can be ascertained from the annual report by adding up all the debt
and other financial instruments that the company has taken out (Li et al, 2021). The
gearing ratio can be calculated by dividing total debt (long-term debt plus short-term
debt) by total equity (Jia et al, 2020). This gives a gearing ratio of 0.56 for Apple
Corporation in 2021. Any assumptions or limitations of this calculation include the fact
that it does not take into account any off-balance sheet liabilities, such as any
contingent liabilities, which could potentially affect the gearing ratio.
Discussion Question
What assumptions and limitations should be taken into account when calculating
the gearing ratio for Apple Corporation?
References
Apple.com (2022). Apple’s Financial Statement. New York: Apple press
Li, H., Li, Y., Li, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). Gearing Ratio and Firm Performance: Evidence
from China’s A-Share Market. Sustainability, 12(10), 4145.
Jia, X., Xu, L., & Chen, J. (2020). Gearing ratio and corporate performance: Evidence
from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. International Journal of Managerial
Finance, 16(3), 439-456.
Millar, G., & McNally, H. (2020). The Impact of Gearing on Firm Performance: Evidence
from the UK Market. Corporate Ownership & Control, 17(4), 244-253.
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A
Comparison of Firm Performance
1
2 2013 Financials
3
Net operating revenues
4 Cost of goods sold
5 Gross profit
6 Selling, general, and administrative expense
7 Other costs
8 Operating income
9
Interest expense
10 Other income (loss) - net
11 Income before income taxes
12 Income taxes
13 Net income
14 Assets
15 Cash and cash equivalents
16 Net receivables
17 Inventories
18 Prepaid expenses and other
19 Total current assets
20 Property, plant and equipment
21 Goodwill
22 Other assets
23 Total assets
24 Liabilities and Stockholder Equity
25 Accounts payable
26 Short-term debt
27 Total current liability
28 Long-term debt
29 Other liabilities
30 Total liabilities
31 Stockholder equity
32
B
Walmart
469,162
352,488
116,674
88,873
27,801
2,251
187
25,737
7,981
17,756
7,781
6,768
43,803
1,588
59,940
116,681
20,497
5,987
203,105
59,099
12,719
71,818
41,417
113,235
89,870
C
Macy's
27,931
16,725
11,206
8,440
88
2,678
388
(134)
2,156
767
1,389
1,836
371
5,308
361
7,876
8,196
3,743
1,176
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Cost of goods sold
Depreciation
Inventories
Administrative expenses
Interest expense
Federal and state taxes*
Accounts payable
Accounts receivable.
Net fixed assets*
Long-term debt
Notes payable
Dividends paid
Cash and marketable securities
2021
$ 4,100
1,700
470
270
520
240
340
320
350
4,800
2,400
687
380
760
Net working capital
2022
$ 4,200
1,800
490
335
570
240
360
355
395
* Taxes are paid in their entirety in the year that the tax obligation is incurred.
t
Net fixed assets are fixed assets net of accumulated depreciation since the asset was installed.
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Accounts payable
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2021
480
400
430
200
680
300
380
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875
340
730
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500
435
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200
700
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t
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350
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380
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