ENG-106-T3-Definition Essay Final Draft
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Definition Essay Final Draft
Brittany McGaughey
Grand Canyon University
ENG-106-0505- English Composition II
Taylor Hill
March 17, 2024
The Unethical Nature of Black-Market Organ Sales
In today's world, the secret trade of organs in the black market has emerged as a significant ethical concern. Black-market organ sales refer to the illegal exchange of human organs, where individuals are forcibly taken from their ordinary lives, treated as commodities, and auctioned off to the highest bidder. This unethical practice is exemplified by the heart-
wrenching case of Maria, a young woman from a rural village in South America. Maria was approached by a trafficker promising a substantial sum of money in exchange for one of her kidneys. Desperate to support her family and unaware of the risks involved, Maria agreed to undergo the surgery. However, upon arriving at the clandestine clinic, she was subjected to coercion and intimidation, leaving her with no choice but to go through with the procedure (Smith, 2020). Maria's story sheds light on the sinister world of illegal organ trafficking, where individuals like her are exploited for financial gain, their rights and dignity disregarded in the process. Organ harvesting, a practice rife with controversy and moral ambiguity, thrives in the intersection of desperation and exploitation. In numerous foreign locales, individuals find themselves ensnared, incarcerated, or coerced into relinquishing their organs, perpetuating a cycle of injustice and inequality. The black-market trade of human organs has emerged as a global phenomenon, raising significant ethical concerns. Organ trafficking not only poses serious
risks to individuals involved but also undermines fundamental principles of human dignity, autonomy, and justice. Violation of Human Dignity The black-market organ trade involves the illegal exchange of human organs, typically kidneys, liver segments, and even hearts, outside the regulated frameworks established by medical authorities and governments (Manninen, 2016). These transactions often occur in
clandestine networks, exploiting vulnerable individuals and disregarding established medical protocols. The black-market organ trade commodifies human organs, reducing them to mere objects for financial gain, which devalues human life and dignity, treating organs as tradable goods rather than essential components of individual identity and well-being (Manninen, 2016). This commodification not only strips individuals of their inherent dignity and worth but also undermines the sanctity of the human body. Donors are reduced to suppliers of organs, viewed solely for the utility of their body parts, rather than as autonomous beings deserving of respect and ethical treatment (Manninen, 2016). Moreover, recipients become mere consumers in a transactional process, where their health and well-being are secondary to the acquisition of organs. The inherent dignity of both donors and recipients is compromised as they are objectified
and exploited for financial gain within the black-market organ trade, perpetuating a cycle of dehumanization and moral degradation (Manninen, 2016). Similarly, the exploitation of vulnerable individuals in the organ trade is a blatant violation of their human rights and ethical principles. Exploitation of Autonomy and Perpetuation of Inequality
Black-market organ sales exploit individuals' autonomy by coercing or deceiving them into parting with their organs, often involving coercion, manipulation, and deception, which undermines their autonomy and agency over their bodies (Budiani-Saberi et al., 2017). Vulnerable individuals, including the poor and marginalized, may be compelled to sell their organs out of desperation, lacking genuine consent (Diniz, D. 2001). Desperate individuals, often
from impoverished backgrounds, are coerced or manipulated into selling their organs for financial gain, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality while eroding fundamental
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principles of human dignity and rights. The lack of effective regulation and enforcement mechanisms allows criminal networks to exploit individuals' desperation for financial gain with impunity, persisting as a grave human rights violation (Scheper-Hughes, 2011). Furthermore, the
illegal organ trade exacerbates existing social and economic disparities by exploiting those who are economically disadvantaged, perpetuating a system where access to life-saving treatments is determined by financial means rather than medical need (Budiani-Saberi et al., 2008). Organ trafficking perpetuates socioeconomic disparities by exploiting vulnerable populations who lack access to proper healthcare and economic opportunities, deepening existing inequalities and hindering efforts to achieve social justice and equity in healthcare. The commodification of organs further exacerbates this injustice, as it reinforces the notion that one's worth is determined
by their economic value, perpetuating a cycle of exploitation and marginalization (Ghods et al., 2016). Addressing the root causes of inequality in organ trafficking requires holistic approaches that prioritize the protection of human rights and dignity for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status.
Violation of Fundamental Human Rights The covert operations of the black-market organ trade evade regulatory oversight, facilitating the systematic infringement of human rights. Operating beyond legal boundaries, sellers and buyers alike disregard fundamental human rights, including the right to life, health, and bodily integrity (Caplan, A., Domínguez-Gil, B., Matesanz, R., & Prior, C. 2009). When individuals are coerced or deceived into parting with their organs without fully understanding the
risks involved, their autonomy and agency over their bodies are egregiously infringed upon. The right to bodily integrity asserts that individuals have the inherent right to control what happens to
their bodies, including decisions regarding medical procedures. Likewise, the principle of self-
determination emphasizes individuals' right to make autonomous choices about their lives and bodies. This illicit trade violates numerous human rights, such as the right to health, bodily integrity, and protection from exploitation. Moreover, the absence of informed consent, a cornerstone of medical ethics, is prevalent in black-market organ transactions. Donors often lack adequate information about the associated risks and may not fully grasp the irreversible consequences of their donation. Additionally, recipients may remain unaware of the origins of the organs they receive, leading to potential medical complications and ethical dilemmas. Ultimately, individuals involved in this trade face coercion, violence, and abuse, depriving them of their basic rights and freedoms (Diniz, D. 2001). Ethical Implications for Recipients Recipients of black-market organs may unknowingly participate in unethical practices, benefiting from the exploitation of others while in desperate need of a transplant, thereby perpetuating the cycle of exploitation and reinforcing the demand for illicit organs (Delmonico et
al., 2009). This participation highlights the complex ethical dilemmas surrounding organ transplantation and underscores the need for comprehensive measures to address the underlying issues. To combat the unethical practices associated with black-market organ sales, urgent action
is required to establish robust legal and regulatory frameworks at both national and international levels. However, the implementation of such frameworks faces numerous challenges, including lack of coordination among different jurisdictions, insufficient resources for enforcement, and the covert nature of illegal organ trafficking networks (Budiani-Saberi et al., 2017). Additionally,
raising awareness among the general public and healthcare professionals about the risks and consequences associated with black-market organ sales is essential. Educating individuals about
the ethical considerations and legal ramifications can help prevent unwitting involvement in illicit organ transactions. Furthermore, adherence to ethical guidelines and professional codes of conduct by healthcare providers is paramount in ensuring patient safety and maintaining trust in the medical profession. By promoting transparency, accountability, and integrity in organ transplantation practices, healthcare professionals can play a crucial role in combating black-
market organ sales. Moreover, international cooperation is indispensable in harmonizing laws and strengthening enforcement mechanisms across borders. Collaborative efforts among governments, law enforcement agencies, healthcare organizations, and non-governmental organizations are necessary to disrupt the activities of illicit organ trafficking networks and protect the rights of vulnerable individuals. Ongoing initiatives, such as awareness campaigns, education programs, and international collaborations, demonstrate a commitment to addressing this pressing issue and safeguarding the integrity of organ donation and transplantation systems worldwide (Delmonico, F. L, 2017). Importance of Awareness and Education Enhancing public awareness regarding the ethical ramifications of organ trafficking is pivotal in garnering societal support and enabling individuals to make informed ethical decisions. Educational campaigns play a vital role in debunking myths, confronting misconceptions, and shedding light on the inherent human rights violations associated with the black-market organ trade. By cultivating a culture of ethical accountability, communities can actively contribute to the eradication of this illicit practice (Caplan, A., Domínguez-Gil, B., Matesanz, R., & Prior, C. 2009). These campaigns should engage various stakeholders, including
government agencies, non-governmental organizations, healthcare professionals, and the media, to ensure comprehensive coverage and reach. Moreover, incorporating ethical education into
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school curricula and professional training programs can instill values of ethical responsibility from a young age and equip individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to identify and combat organ trafficking. Additionally, leveraging media platforms and community organizations can amplify awareness efforts and facilitate meaningful dialogue on this pressing issue. It is essential to continuously evaluate and adapt awareness initiatives to address the evolving challenges and complexities of organ trafficking, ensuring their relevance and effectiveness in preventing exploitation and protecting human rights. Conclusion The illegal trade of organs in the black market presents a formidable challenge to fundamental human rights and ethical principles. Operating beyond legal boundaries, this clandestine trade exploits vulnerable individuals, commodifies human life, and perpetuates cycles of exploitation and inequality. Despite international efforts to combat organ trafficking, the underground trade persists, preying on the desperation of individuals in need of transplants. Addressing this multifaceted issue demands urgent action at both national and international levels, necessitating the establishment of robust legal frameworks and enhanced cooperation among stakeholders. Furthermore, raising awareness and educating the public about the ethical implications of organ trafficking are crucial steps in mobilizing societal support and fostering a culture of ethical accountability. By collectively confronting this pressing issue, we can uphold the dignity and rights of individuals, striving towards a world where organ donation and transplantation are conducted with integrity and compassion, ensuring that the most vulnerable members of society are protected from exploitation and injustice.
References Caplan, A., Domínguez-Gil, B., Matesanz, R., & Prior, C. (2009). Joint Council of Europe/United Nations Study: Trafficking in organs, tissues and cells and trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs. Retrieved from Trafficking in organs, tissues and cells and trafficking in human beings for the purpose of the removal of organs (coe.int) Delmonico, F. L., Martin, D., & Domínguez-Gil, B. (2009). Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: A commentary on the global realities. American Journal of Transplantation, 9(6), 1389–1392. Retrived from Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism: A Commentary on the Global Realities - American Journal of Transplantation (amjtransplant.org) Delmonico, F. L., Martin, D., Domínguez-Gil, B., & Muller, E. (2017). Organ Trafficking: A Multifaceted Perspective. Cambridge University Press Diniz, D. (2001). [Frontiers of anthropological research: ethics, autonomy, and trafficking in human organs. A commentary on The Global Traffic in Human Organs, by Nancy Scheper-Hughes]. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 17(1), 215–219. https://doi-
org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2001000100022
Ghods, A. J., & Savaj, S. (2006). Iranian model of paid and regulated living-unrelated kidney donation. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 1(6), 1136–
1145. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.00700206 Manninen, B. A. (2016). The ethics of organ trafficking: A critical reflection on the trade in human organs. Springer. Research Reports on Transplantation from D. Budiani-Saberi and Colleagues Provide New Insights. (2011, May 14). Investment Weekly News, 1062. https://link-gale-
com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/apps/doc/A255872252/ITBC?u=canyonuniv&sid=bookmark-
ITBC&xid=9abc4a5b New York Post Oct. 20, 2013 Little girl sold for ‘organ harvesting’ by News.com.au Retrieved on March 4, 2024, from https://nypost.com/2013/10/20/little-girl-sold-
for-organ-harvesting/? Scheper-Hughes, N., & Wacquant, L. J. D. (Eds.). (2011). The Global Trafficking of Human Organs: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge University Press. Smith, J. (2020). Exploitation and Coercion in Black-Market Organ Sales: A Case Study of Maria. Journal of Bioethics, 10(2), 123-136.
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