Packet 02

2023 ARCADIA Edited by Michael Bucknall, Vincent Du, Ganon Evans, Jim Fan (head), Henry Goff, Eric Gunter, Kevin Jiang, Evan Knox, Caroline Mao, Grant Peet, Ryan Rosenberg, Jonathan Shauf, Kevin Thomas, Justin Zhang, and Ivvone Zhou Written by Rasheeq Azad, Matt Capobianco, Jacob Egol, Michael Eng, Crow He, Hasna Karim, Rahul Keyal, Sam Kung, Ashish Subramanian, Graham Troy, Annabelle Yang, and the editors Packet 2 : What you call “Assad margins” I call “unspoken rizz” Tossups 1. A Baroque-era four-tiered bell tower for a building dedicated to this figure has a blue facade adorned with floral stucco ornaments. The Virgin Orans mosaic resides on the “Indestructible Wall” of a building dedicated to this figure in Kyiv, whose teal cupolas were added in Ivan Mazeppa’s restorations. Visitors compared the Proconnesian marble floor of a church dedicated to this figure to the moving water of the sea. Black-winged (*) seraphim adorn the four triangular supports of a church dedicated to this figure, which are necessary because its circular dome sits over a square space. Isidorus of Miletus designed that building dedicated to this figure, which later had minarets added under Mimar Sinan. For 10 points, name this feminine personification of divine wisdom, the dedicatee of a Byzantine church-turned-mosque in Istanbul. ANSWER: Saint Sophia [accept Hagia Sophia or Aya sofya ; accept Holy Wisdom until “wisdom” is read] (The first two clues are about St. Sophia’s Cathedral in Kyiv.) <VD, Other Arts: Visual> 2. The absence of this quantity in the Wheeler-Dewitt equations necessitated approaches that generate this quantity, such as the emergent definition of this quantity in the Page-Wootters formalism. A foliation produces a series of surfaces indexed by this quantity in the ADM formalism. The integral of “ ds over c ” along a worldline defines one form of this quantity. The “problem” of this quantity tries to reconcile its dynamical treatment in general (*) relativity with its treatment as an absolute background parameter in quantum mechanics. Intervals that are negative, and thus fall inside the light cone, are described as “like” this quantity. This quantity changes more slowly for a sibling traveling in a rocket in the twin paradox. For 10 points, relativity unifies space with what quantity? ANSWER: time [accept proper time ; accept time like; accept problem of time ; accept time dilation; prompt on spacetime] <JF, Physics> 3. A baby in one of these locations grows the equivalent of one week every day by drinking milk from his own thumb. A sūrah titled for one of these locations tells the story of how a plank is stolen from a ship by Al-Khidr, who travels in the company of Mūsā. In Sūrah At-Tawbah, a spider spins a web and a dove creates a nest outside one of these locations to protect (*) Abū Bakr. The 18th Sūrah is named for these locations and includes a story in which seven youths sleep for 300 years in one of these locations. The moment that a prophet was commanded to “Read!” in one of these locations is celebrated on the Night of Power. For 10 points, Jibrīl gave his first revelation to Muhammad while in what location on Mount Hira? ANSWER: cave s [accept ghar ; accept the Cave of Hira; accept the Cave Sūrah; prompt on mountains or hills] <GE, Beliefs> 4. This character belatedly realizes that his barber’s son is 30 years dead in a passage examined in a chapter of Richard Rorty’s Contingency, Irony, Solidarity , titled “The Barber of Kasbeam.” A Billy Collins collection takes its title from this character’s parenthetical description of his “very photogenic” mother’s death: “picnic, lightning.” This character parodies “Ash Wednesday” by repeating “because you took advantage…” as he confronts a (*) porno director nicknamed “Cue” who drives a red Aztec convertible. This character describes “the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate” as his nickname for a girl whom he enrolls in school in

Beardsley. Annabel Leigh inspires this character’s love for the “nymphet” Dolores Haze. For 10 points, name this protagonist of Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov. ANSWER: Humbert Humbert <HG, American Literature> 5. The Peterborough Cathedral supported a campaign in which individuals with this name each donated a penny to restore part of the tomb of a royal with this name. That royal with this name commissioned Juan Luis Vives to write Instruction of a Christian Woman . A royal with this name collected a set of Prayers or Meditations to become the first female author to publish under her own name in English. A series of love letters sent by a royal with this name triggered the execution of Thomas (*) Culpeper. A royal with this name briefly married Arthur, Prince of Wales. The Act of Supremacy was passed after Pope Clement VII refused to annul a marriage involving a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella with this name. For 10 points, give this shared name of three wives of Henry VIII. ANSWER: Catherine [accept Catherine of Aragon; accept Catherine Parr; accept Catherine Howard] <GP, British and Commonwealth History> 6. This thinker anticipated Descartes’s exploration of the ability of God to deceive people by discussing the process by which intuitive and abstract cognitions lead to beliefs. This thinker built on Aristotle’s idea of a mental language to analyze concepts as “natural signs,” developing an early version of the language of thought hypothesis. This philosopher reduced the number of categories in his ontology from ten down to two: (*) substance and quality. This philosopher argued that certain entities were merely the result of thinking of several particulars at once after abandoning his fictum-theory of them. John Duns Scotus’s realism about universals was disputed by this nominalist’s Summa of Logic. For 10 points, the idea that “entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity” is what medieval philosopher’s namesake razor? ANSWER: William of Ockham <MB, Philosophy> 7. An independence movement in this country flies the banned Morning Star flag, which was formerly flown as a colonial flag. Seven years after the Soviet-backed Operation Trikora, the New York Agreement provided for a 1,000-person referendum on the independence of a region of this country, which this country’s military rigged in the disparagingly-named “Act of No Choice.” The disgraced bishop Carlos Ximenes (*) Belo reported on a massacre perpetrated by this country in the Santa Cruz cemetery. This country led Operation Lotus, which overthrew the Fretilin-led government in a [emphasize] neighboring country that gained its independence in 2002. For 10 points, name this country whose invasion of East Timor and occupation of Western New Guinea was overseen by Suharto. ANSWER: Indonesia [or Republic of Indonesia or Republik Indonesia ] <KT, World History> 8. Description acceptable . A 2008 paper by Ran Nathan references a skate’s mermaid purse as a vector of this process’s non-standard LDD subtype, which “breaks the rules” by occurring more frequently than expected. In rainforests, the Janzen-Connell hypothesis links greater success in this process to less predation and greater survival. Nutritious elaiosomes attract ants in a form of this process that ends in the colony’s refuse midden. Either turgor pressure or tension caused by desiccation can lead to a non-fungal “ballistic” form of this process, as seen in the (*) sandbox tree. “Winged” samaras and the pappas of dandelion clocks facilitate this non-germination process, which is triggered by fire in some serotinous plants. Squirrels engage in this process when they abandon acorn stashes. For 10 points, wind and defecating animals are vectors for what process in which a parent plant spreads its embryos?

ANSWER: cosmonaut s [accept Soviet astronaut s until read; accept Russian astronaut s until “Soviet” is read; prompt on astronauts] (The song in the second line is “And on Mars, there will be Apple Blossoms.” The incinerated body is of Vladimir Komarov, who was the first person to die in a space flight.) <GE, European History> 13. After throwing one of these objects named Sviagriss on the ground, King Hrolfr declares Eadgil no better than a pig for bending over to pick it up. One of these objects wrapped in wolf’s hair warns a Burgundian king about the treachery of Atli the Hun. A cursed one of these objects is found alongside the Helm of Terror and Hrotti in a treasure hoard. Loki completes a wergild that he owes to Hreidmar by placing one of these objects upon an exposed whisker of an (*) otter’s pelt. That one of these objects named Andvaranaut turns one owner into a creature whose blood grants the ability to understand the language of birds. Odin owns one of these objects that creates eight copies of itself each night, named Draupnir. For 10 points, name these objects, one of which turns Fafnir into a dragon and titles an operatic cycle by Richard Wagner (“REE-card VOG-ner”) . ANSWER: ring s [accept Andvaranaut until read; accept Draupnir until read; accept gold ring s] (The cursed ring is Andvaranaut.) <MB, Beliefs> 14. In one work, this character successfully stakes his life to win a mancala-style board game against a king sitting in a room of beautiful swords. One woman’s fear about the popularity of this character leads her to summon a group of nine witches to kill him, but the witches are so impressed that they instead begin to assist this character. This character, who was introduced to Western audiences through (*) Djibirl Tamsir Niane’s 1960 translation of one work, is born after his father makes a promise to marry an ugly maiden. In a climactic battle, this character fires an arrow tipped with a cock’s spur. This character, who first uses the branch of a baobab tree to walk, was given a griot companion by his father. After a return from exile, this character and his mother Sogolon defeat the sorcerer Sumanguru. For 10 points, name this central character of an oral epic and founder of the Mali Empire. ANSWER: Sundiata [or Sundiata Keita; prompt on Keita] <JF, World and Other Literature> 15. A 1993 BAMS (“bams”) paper by Crum and Alberty details specs for a common type of these scientific instruments, the WSR-88D. A quantity measured by these non-microscope scientific instruments is held equal to 200 times R to the 1.6 power in a formula named for Marshall and Palmer. These scientific instruments measure the Z used in Z - R relations, which is typically reported in dBZ (“d-b-z”) . Better resolution may be achieved using the newer dual pol (“pole”) (*) variety of these scientific instruments, which can be used to detect signatures like velocity couplets or hook echoes on the right-rear flank of supercells. These scientific instruments may be used to detect signatures like velocity couplets or hook echoes on the right-rear flank of supercells. Base reflectivity measured by these scientific instruments can be viewed on the NWS website, where it is overlaid with warning polygons. For 10 points, what scientific instruments’ Doppler form is used to detect precipitation using microwaves and radio waves? ANSWER: weather radar receivers [or weather radar antennae or Doppler radar receivers or Doppler radar antenna or radar dishes; accept radome ; prompt on antennae or receivers or dishes] <EK, Other Science: Earth Science> 16. One member of this group hid fake blood inside a “Bible-like book” that he stabbed with a hidden sword to protest hypocrisy among this group’s members. A thinker who belonged to this group argued that slavery resulted from the misapplication of power and was “inconsistent with the Christian religion” in his posthumously published “Journal of John Woolman.” A split in this group was led by a figure who claimed to have died and been reborn genderless with the title (*) “Public Universal.” One member of this group negotiated

his colony’s first land purchase treaty with the Lenape in 1682. That man established a “Holy Experiment” as a safe haven for this group after receiving a land grant from Charles II. For 10 points, name this famously nonviolent religious group that included William Penn and was also known as the “Society of Friends.” ANSWER: Quaker s [accept Society of Friends until read] (The first line refers to Benjamin Lay.) <JF, American History> 17. Three nitrogen groups are bound to this element in alternative coupling agents used in solid-phase peptide synthesis, such as B · O · P and Py · B · O · P. A method of activating a palladium zero catalyst for the Heck reaction involves acetate forming a bond with this element. Nickel complexes to ligands containing this element were used to develop the Tolman cone angle parameter. Berry (*) pseudo-rotation is classically exemplified by this element bound to five fluorine atoms. Many courses incorrectly teach that oxygen binds to this element in a betaine (“beta-een”) intermediate [emphasize] after a carbon-carbon bond forms in the Wittig reaction. For 10 points, name this element that sits right below nitrogen on the periodic table. ANSWER: phosphorus [or P ; accept phosphine (“FOSS-feen”) ] <JZ, Chemistry> 18. One anthropologist from this country used the example of animals seeing blood as beer to illustrate the idea of “multinaturalism,” helping initiate anthropology’s ontological turn. An ethnography of this country describes the seeming indifference of poor mothers to the deaths of their infants, only some of whom possess the “knack” for life. One memoir recounts fieldwork in this country from which the author gained that the (*) Nambikwara and Caduveo were “neither true Indians nor true savages;” that memoir is Tristes Tropiques . Daniel Everett controversially claimed that a language from this country has no terms of quantification. Eduardo Viveiros de Castro’s Cannibal Metaphysics describes the “Amerindian perspectivism” of this country’s indigenous people, like the Pirahã. For 10 points, name this country that contains most of the Amazon Rainforest. ANSWER: Brazil [or Federative Republic of Brazil or República Federativa do Brasil ] <VD, Social Science> 19. Asmik Grigorian’s 2022 album Dissonance features pieces by this composer, including a dreamy song in 9/4 (“nine-four”) whose narrator says that their only happiness “lives in the lilacs.” In January 2023, five of this composer’s pieces were performed back-to-back in a 4.5-hour concert by Yuja Wang and the Philadelphia Orchestra for this composer’s 150th birthday. The notes “E, D-sharp, long E” begin the last of this composer’s Opus 34 14 Romances , a (*) Vocalise (“vo-kuh-LEESE”) for soprano that is often transcribed for other instruments. This composer underwent hypnotherapy to help him through a mental breakdown that he suffered after the disastrous premiere of his first symphony, after which he wrote his massively successful Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor. For 10 points, name this Russian composer of four difficult piano concerti and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini . ANSWER: Sergei Rachmaninoff [or Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff ] <IZ, Auditory Fine Arts> 20. One translation of this author alludes to Elton John by referring to lives snuffed out like “a candle in the wind” and is by Mary Jo Bang. This author wrote two sections themed on a Boethius-inspired praise for Lady Philosophy in an unfinished work titled “The Banquet.” This author invented a verse form of stanzas with 11-syllable lines in which the first and third lines rhyme, and the second line rhymes with the first and last lines of the next stanza. (*) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow translated a poem by this author that opens with the narrator finding himself in “a forest dark.” That poem by this author opens “Midway through life’s journey,” after which the narrator encounters a lion, a leopard, and a she-wolf. For 10 points, name this poet credited with inventing terza rima to write The Divine Comedy . ANSWER: Dante Alighieri [or Dante Alighieri ]

Bonuses 1. During the Liangzhu period, these artworks were created with abrasive sand and shaped into squares to resemble the Earth. For 10 points each: [10h] Name these tubelike jade vessels created in Ancient China. They appeared in tombs alongside discs called bì. ANSWER: cóng s (“tsungs”) [or jade cóng s] [10m] Examples of these features that decorated cóngs may have inspired later tāotiè (“tao-tʼYEH”) designs on Shāng dynasty cauldrons. The Peplos Kore and other Greek kouroi statues include the “archaic” form of these features. ANSWER: face s [accept smile s or Archaic smile ] [10e] A large cóng with 19 layers appears alongside other pieces from Joseph Hartung’s collection in this museum’s Jade Gallery. This museum has refused to repatriate world art such as the Benin Bronzes and the Rosetta Stone. ANSWER: British Museum <GE, Visual Fine Arts> 2. John Quincy Adams spent more than 30 years in various roles in the American government. For 10 points each: [10e] Quincy Adams won the 1824 Presidential Election in a Congressional vote despite this war hero and Senator from Tennessee earning more electoral votes. This man proceeded to defeat Quincy Adams in the Election of 1828. ANSWER: Andrew Jackson [10h] During the 1828 Presidential Election, Quincy Adams was accused of acting as a procurer for the ruler of this country, where he was US Ambassador from 1809 to 1814. What Quincy Adams actually did as ambassador to this country was secure the release of American ships held there. ANSWER: Russia [or Russia n Empire or Rossiya or Rossiyskaya Imperiya] [10m] After losing the Presidency, Quincy Adams became a Congressman and successfully campaigned against this Congressional Regulation, which prevented the discussion of any antislavery petition in Congress. ANSWER: Gag Rule <GT, American History> 3. According to legend, a man with this profession convinced Krakus to offer a calfskin filled with sulfur to the Wawel Dragon, after which the dragon drowned itself while scarfing down water. For 10 points each: [10m] Elves assist a holder of what profession in a Brothers Grimm Fairy Tale? ANSWER: shoemaker [accept cordwainer ; accept cobbler ; accept “The Elves and the Shoemaker ”] [10e] These green-clad fairies are often depicted as shoemakers, although they are more commonly known for hiding pots of gold at the ends of rainbows. ANSWER: leprechaun s [10h] According to Lady Wilde, leprechauns can be found by listening for their hammers while they are building shoes under these objects. An alternative name for old witches is derived from these objects, since they were considered the boundary between the real and magical worlds in Britain. ANSWER: hedge s [or hedge rows; prompt on bushes or shrubs; reject “trees”] (The term “hag” derives from “hedge.”) <GE, Beliefs> 4. Ilya Kaminsky’s poem “Musica Humana” recalls how when one of this poet’s students complained about not being published, this poet threw him down the stairs and shouted, “Was Sappho? Was Jesus Christ?” For 10 points each: [10h] Name this poet who was arrested for writing a poem about a figure “Ringed with a scum of chicken-necked bosses” who has “ten thick worms his fingers, / his words like measures of weight.” ANSWER: Osip Mandelstam [or Osip Emilyevich Mandelstam ]

[10e] Mandelstam’s wife initially hoped that he had been arrested not for writing the “Stalin Epigram” but for slapping a writer with this surname. That writer’s distant relative with this surname wrote War and Peace . ANSWER: Tolstoy [accept Alexei Tolstoy ; accept Leo Tolstoy ] [10m] The more famous Tolstoy is one of the writers decried in this movement’s manifesto “A Slap in the Face of Public Taste.” Mandelstam opposed this literary movement of Vladimir Mayakovsky and Victor Khlebnikov. ANSWER: Futurism [accept Russian Futurism ] <CM, European Literature> 5. These molecules bind to the V-beta chain of T-cell receptors, giving them a greater number of potential targets than those restricted to unique alpha and beta receptor clonotypes. For 10 points each: [10h] Name these molecules that bind class II MHCs and T-cell receptors outside of the normal peptide-binding groove, resulting in T-cell overactivation. These molecules act as potent exotoxins in scarlet fever. ANSWER: superantigen s [accept SAg s; prompt on antigens] [10e] Superantigen engagement causes T-cells to activate signaling through the Src (“sark”) family of kinases, which are enzymes that transfer these groups from donors like ATP to their substrates. ANSWER: phosphate s [10m] In the absence of a Src kinase, SAgs activate T-cells through the activation of phospholipase C by the alpha-11 subunit of these proteins. These proteins couple with receptors that cross the cell membrane seven times. ANSWER: G proteins [or guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins; accept heterotrimeric G proteins] <AY, Biology> 6. MacKenzie and Moore outline the possibility that not exhibiting this behavior in a democratic manner can paradoxically influence decision-making and legitimize political processes. For 10 points each: [10e] Name this broad behavior displayed by individuals in democratic societies who, for example, are active in volunteer work or who vote in elections. ANSWER: civic participation [or civic engagement ; accept “Democratic Non- Participation ”; prompt on civic activity] [10m] In a classic study, Robert Putnam uses community bowling leagues to illustrate how a decline in civic participation is linked to a decline in this metric encompassing trust between individuals. ANSWER: social capital [prompt on capital] (The classic Putnam study is Bowling Alone .) [10h] Putnam details the “re-potting” hypothesis, which contends that civic participation also decreases with an increase in this practice. Conversely, Buttrick and Oishi link a decline in this practice to decreased civic participation and “cultural stagnation.” ANSWER: moving [accept residential mobility or “The Cultural Dynamics of Declining Residential Mobility ”; accept answers like suburbanization or White Flight ; reject “social mobility” or “intergenerational mobility”] <GP, Social Science> 7. In aerial archaeology, this word follows “crop” when describing certain man-made features, positive examples of which promote vegetation while negative examples, like buried walls, dissuade plant growth. For 10 points each: [10h] Give this word that follows “soil” and “frost” when describing slight differences observed from the air when the mediums interact with ruins. This word is paired with “shadow” to describe features in extant ruins that are caused by elevation differences. ANSWER: mark [accept crop mark s or crop mark s; accept frost mark s; accept soil mark s; accept shadow mark s; prompt on shadow reliefs] [10e] Crop marks can be discovered by examining this region of the EM spectrum to observe temperature changes caused by water loss. Kites and UAVs in KAP kits use thermal imaging cameras to detect this radiation. ANSWER: infrared [or IR ; accept near- infrared or near- IR ; accept far- infrared or far -IR ; accept infrared thermography or IRT ]

[10h] Name this doubly eponymous equation in electrochemical kinetics. This equation states that the current at an electrode is the sum of two contributions, one exponentially increasing in the voltage and one decaying. ANSWER: Butler–Volmer equation [10e] The electrode current cannot grow indefinitely with increasing voltage; it is eventually limited by the rate at which this process brings fresh reactants to the surface. This process transports species from high to low concentration. ANSWER: diffusion [10m] The rates are exponential in this quantity, symbolized eta . This quantity measures the difference between a reaction’s equilibrium potential and the potential of the electrode where it is occurring. ANSWER: overpotential <RA, Chemistry> 12. While leaving one of these places, the protagonist of a story compares it to a “nightmare boat” and ignores a woman telling her to look for “collateral beauty.” For 10 points each: [10m] Name this sort of place that sets the short story “People Like That Are The Only People Here.” Janet returns to one of these places to see her father after visiting a planetarium in Alice Munro’s story “The Moons of Jupiter.” ANSWER: hospital s [accept pediatric oncology wards or “ Peed Onk ”] [10h] This author drew on her son’s cancer diagnosis for “People Like That Are The Only People Here,” which is part of her collection Birds of America . This author also wrote Who Will Run the Frog Hospital? . ANSWER: Lorrie Moore [or Marie Lorena Moore ] [10e] Keltjin becomes a nanny for a family with no child in the year after this event in Moore’s novel A Gate at the Stairs. This historical event is the subject of Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close . ANSWER: 9/11 [or September 11 attacks or World Trade Center attacks] <HG, American Literature> 13. A popular legend about a member of this clan states that he survived an assassination attempt, fled to Mongolia, and became Genghis Khan, which was popularized during the interwar period to justify invading China. For 10 points each: [10m] Name this samurai clan that included the assassinated Yoshitsune, who defeated the monk Benkei on a bridge. This clan allied with the Hojo to defeat the Taira. ANSWER: Minamoto [accept Genji ] [10e] Before joining with his half-brother to fight the Taira, Yoshitsune was sheltered by the Fujiwara family, who held preeminent political power during this period. This period ended after the Minamoto victory in the Genpei War. ANSWER: Heian period [10h] A legend that Yoshitsune fled north to Hokkaidō was used to justify the annexation of this democratic republic, established by former Tokugawa military officers. ANSWER: Republic of Ezo <JS, World History> 14. A book about these concepts opens by discussing Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson, who would only accept testimony from someone who had actually experienced the gas chambers. For 10 points each: [10h] Name these concepts exemplified by the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized, which one philosopher referred to as arising from an “inverted sublime.” A book named for these concepts opens with a “Reading Dossier” and attempts to situate politics in the context of the linguistic turn in philosophy. ANSWER: differend s [accept The Differend ] [10m] The Differend is a book by this French author of The Postmodern Condition . ANSWER: Jean-Francois Lyotard

[10e] Lyotard earlier analyzed politics as an expression of desire and critiqued Karl Marx’s idea of the “false consciousness” in The Libidinal Economy, which borrows its title concept from this Austrian father of psychoanalysis. ANSWER: Sigmund Freud <JS, Philosophy> 15. Musician and scholar Daniel Jatta proposed the akonting as a likely ancestor of this modern instrument based on a similar playing style and shared features like a full-spike neck and M-shaped bridge. For 10 points each: [10e] Name this string instrument that developed from West African instruments brought to the Americas by enslaved peoples. Its predominant use by African Americans spurred its popularity in minstrel shows. ANSWER: banjo [10m] The akonting’s o’teck strumming technique is similar to this modern banjo playing style. This style uses a “bum-ditty” strum pattern and is contrasted with the three-finger style pioneered by Earl Scruggs. ANSWER: clawhammer [or frailing or down-picking or overhand ] [10h] This composer’s piano piece The Banjo is believed to document missing stylistic links between West African plucked lute and modern banjo playing. This composer also wrote Bamboula and La savane . ANSWER: Louis Moreau Gottschalk <EG, Auditory Fine Arts> 16. Glacier flows have led to the accumulation of meteorites in mountainous “stranding zones” composed primarily of this substance, making Antarctica the origin of 62.6 percent of the world’s recorded meteorites. For 10 points each: [10h] Name this substance whose “areas” are used as Antarctic runways. Pockets of air are forced out during the creation of this substance, allowing for further crystal enlargement. ANSWER: blue ice [prompt on glacier or iceberg ice] [10m] Katabatic winds scour snow from “blue ice” areas and the “Dry Valleys” named for this lieutenant of the HMS Terror . Floating airstrips of ice dot a sound named for this man that resupplies his namesake American base in Antarctica. ANSWER: Archibald McMurdo [accept McMurdo Dry Valleys or McMurdo Sound or McMurdo Station] [10e] Life in the McMurdo Dry Valleys is limited to endolithic bacteria and the anaerobic bacteria that metabolize sulfates and ions of this element underneath Taylor Glacier. Blood Falls gains its tint from this element’s oxide. ANSWER: iron [prompt on Fe] <KT, Geography> 17. Nuns at the Basilica of Santa Rita da Cascia who follow this belief will ring their bells when the odor of sanctity is particularly strong. For 10 points each: [10m] Name this Catholic and Orthodox belief in which the bodies of saints or the beatified do not decompose. ANSWER: incorrupt ibility [accept word forms such as being incorrupt ible or incorrupt ] [10h] Three incorruptible saints of this city became martyrs after they were forced to eat meat during an Orthodox fast. Hasidism was opposed by the Misnagdim led from this city by a man who rarely slept while making massive edits to the Torah. ANSWER: Vilnius [or Vilna ; accept the Martyrs of Vilnius ; accept Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna ] (The saints are Anthony, John, and Eustathius.) [10e] The incorrupt Orthodox patron saint of North America, Saint Herman of Alaska, lived as one of these people called a poustinik. Desert fathers like St. Anthony were examples of these people, who practiced extreme seclusion. ANSWER: hermit s [accept ascetic s or eremite s or solitary ; accept anchorite s or anchoret s or anchoress es; prompt on monks; prompt on holy men] <GE, Beliefs>