Lab 2

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Drexel University *

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Jan 9, 2024

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Microwave PolarizaƟon and Interferometry Aim – Introduction The aim of this experiment is to investigate the angle of linear polarization on microwave reception. This experiment will also include constructing a microwave Michelson interferometer and investigate the accuracy. Procedure 1. The transmitter and receiever should be set to 0 degress and calibrate the reciever by making sure the receiver reads a value close to maximum. 2. After successfully calibrating the receiver, rotate the receiver to different angles and write down the signal strengths for each angle. 3. Now, we will repeat the same procedure in step 1. 4. Place a polarizing filter in between the transmitter and receiver. 5. Record the signal strength with varying angles of the polarizing filter. Use a protractor to measure precise angles of 22.5° 6. For the third experiment, arrange the equipment in a cross. 7. Repeat step 1 and calibrate the receiver. 8. Use a metal plate (microwave reflector) in the middle and record the signal strength. 9. Replace the metal plate with a wood/plastic plate in the middle and record the signal strength.

Data Experiment 1 Detector angle Signal level -90 0 -80 0.08 -70 0.24 -60 0.42 -50 0.56 -40 0.7 -30 0.78 -20 0.85 -10 0.89 0 0.9 10 0.89 20 0.86 30 0.81 40 0.72 50 0.6 60 0.46 70 0.28 80 0.1 90 0 Experiment 2 Polarizer Angle Signal Level 0 0.9 22.5 0.44 45 0.22 67.5 0.06 90 0.2 Experiment 3 Polarizer angle Signal level 0 0 45 0.42 90 0

Calculations In order to calculate the wavelength, simply subract the two location values to get 14 cm. Then divide this value by 0.5. This will result in the answer being 2.8. Initial Reflector Location: 53 cm Final Reflector location: 39 cm Observed wavelength: 2.8 cm Theoretical wavelength: 2.85 cm Percent error: 0 % Conclusion The purpose of the experiment was to investigate how the angle affect the signal strength and the measure the accuracy of the Michelson interferometer. Since we had a 0% error we can safely assume that the Michelson interferometer is a accurate device to read microwaves. Pre- Lab questions 1. If the detector readings are proportional to the amplitude of the microwave E field, the data from the first polarization experiment should be proportional to cos(θ) where θ is the angle between transmitter and detector. If the readings are proportional to the energy stored in the E field, the readings should be proportional to cos2(θ). Based on your data, are the detector readings proportional to amplitude, energy, or neither? If the readings are proportional to cos(θ) then they are directly related to the amplitude of the microwave electric field.

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2. The simplest design for a radio/microwave transmitter antenna is a vertical conducting rod about one quarter-wavelength long. A mobile-phone manufacturer wants to build such an antenna into a GSM-900 (900 MHz) phone. How small can the phone be? Wavelength must be 0.333 meters based on the formula: 300000000 / 900000000 Quarter wavelength: 0.333/4 = 0.083 metres The phone must be big enough to house something 0.083 metres. 3. For aerodynamic reasons, nearly all modern aircraft feature at least one large vertical stabilizer. The B- 2 “stealth” bomber pictured to the right, however, has no vertical fins at all. Why not? The B-2 is built for its stealth and it stability to offset radar. Adding a vertical stabilizer would create a bump that could easily be detected by radar systems. 4. TV stations in the U.S. normally broadcast horizontally-polarized signals. Is this TV antenna mounted correctly, or should it be rotated? Yes, It does not need to be rotated because it is horizontal and parallel to the ground.

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