Lab 2 Report

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Community College of Philadelphia *

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102

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA PHIALDELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA Experiment Number: 2 Title: Resistance Performed by: Partners: N/A Engineer Course: Engineering 102 Lab Section No: 901 Lab Day/Hour: Tue Thu 1PM-3PM Lab Instructor: Dr.W.A.Gontar Date Performed: 09/21/2021 Date Due: 09/28/2021

Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to be able to draw a graph of I versus V from the voltage and current values of resistors by using the Data Acquisition Unit and the Triple Output Power Supply. Procedure Before using the Data Acquisition Unit, the resistors had their values calculated by using the color code chart. To measure the resistance by the equipment, there were several steps to implement. First, turned on the equipment, and then took the multiplexer out of the equipment to determine what channel the measure wire placed on to match the channel on the equipment (Note: do not use channel 21, 22 in this case). Next, pressed the Measure button and adjusted the knob until OHMS appears on the display screen. Again, pressed the Measure button to choose Auto Range and 5 ½ digit accuracy. Finally, pressed the Monitor button to measure them, and recorded their values. There would be nominal values and experimental values. The percent error would be calculated to compare nominal and experimental values, and it measures accuracy. To measure voltage and current of the resistors, used channel 21 or 22 with the same set up steps as above. However, some additional steps were required, and the Triple Output Power Supply and the Data Acquisition Unit were used simultaneously. The circuit would need to be set up as shown in Figure 1, then pressed the Output On/Off button and the +25V button. Increasing the voltage from 0 to 10 volts to measure the current values and recording all current values. After that, a graph was drawn to represent the relationship between voltage (V) and current (I) for each resistor. The detailed procedure that was followed can be found in Physics Laboratory Instructions, Volume I, Community College of Philadelphia, John Wiley & Sons, 2005.

Data Sheets Part I – Value of Resistors Part II – Voltage and Current Values of Resistors Measuring by the Equipment ► Resistor 1: Voltage [V] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Current [mA] 0 0.101 0.203 0.305 0.407 0.508 0.610 0.712 0.814 0.916 1.101 7 ► Resistor 2: Voltage [V] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Current [mA] 0.00 2 1.011 2.022 3.033 4.04 5 5.058 6.071 7.086 8.102 9.12 3 10.143 Resistor Color Code Nominal Value ± Tolerance Measured Value 1 Brown-Black-Orange-Gold 10000 Ω ± 500 9.825 kΩ = 9825 Ω 2 Brown-Black-Red-Gold 1000 Ω ± 50 0.983 kΩ = 983 Ω

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Graphs and Diagrams ► Resistor 1: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 Voltage - Current Relationship for Resistor 1 Voltage [V] Current [mA] ► Resistor 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Voltage - Current Relationship for Resistor 2 Voltage [V] Current [mA]

Calculations I. Resistor 1 a. The nominal value and accuracy of the resistor R = (1x10 + 0) x 1000 = 10000Ω The tolerance band is gold which indicates a 5% tolerance. Since 5% of 10000 is 500, the resistance should lie between 9500Ω and 10500Ω Percent error = ¿ 9825 − 10000 10000 ∨ ¿ x 100% = 1.75 % b. Current values when increasing the voltage value from 0 to 10 volts Measured value of resistor 1 is 9825 Ω The current is given by the formula: I [A] = V [ V ] R [ Ω ] I 0 = 0 9825 = 0 [A] = 0 [mA] I 1 = 1 9825 = 1.02 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.102 [mA] I 2 = 2 9825 = 2.04 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.204 [mA] I 3 = 3 9825 = 3.05 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.305 [mA] I 4 = 4 9825 = 4.07 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.407 [mA] I 5 = 5 9825 = 5.09 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.509 [mA] I 6 = 6 9825 = 6.11 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.611 [mA] I 7 = 7 9825 = 7.12 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.712 [mA] I 8 = 8 9825 = 8.14 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.814 [mA] I 9 = 9 9825 = 9.16 x 10 -4 [A] = 0.916 [mA]

I 10 = 10 9825 = 0.001 [A] = 1 [mA] II. Resistor 2 a. The nominal value and accuracy of the resistor R = (1x10 + 0) x 100 = 1000Ω The tolerance band is gold which indicates a 5% tolerance. Since 5% of 1000 is 50, the resistance should lie between 950Ω and 1050Ω Percent error = ¿ 983 − 1000 1000 ∨ ¿ x 100% = 1.7 % b. Current values when increasing the voltage value from 0 to 10 volts Measured value of resistor 1 is 983 Ω The current is given by the formula: I [A] = V [ V ] R [ Ω ] I 0 = 0 983 = 0 [A] = 0 [mA] I 1 = 1 983 = 0.00101 [A] = 1.01 [mA] I 2 = 2 983 = 0.00203 [A] = 2.03 [mA] I 3 = 3 983 = 0.00305 [A] = 3.05 [mA] I 4 = 4 983 = 0.00407 [A] = 4.07 [mA] I 5 = 5 983 = 0.00509 [A] = 5.09 [mA] I 6 = 6 983 = 0.00610 [A] = 6.10 [mA] I 7 = 7 983 = 0.00712 [A] = 7.12 [mA] I 8 = 8 983 = 0.00814 [A] = 8.14 [mA]

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I 9 = 9 983 = 0.00916 [A] = 9.16 [mA] I 10 = 10 983 = 0.0102 [A] = 10.2 [mA] Answers to Questions Quiz B 1. The graph above was generated to determine the resistance of a resistor. Axis A represents amps and Axis B represents volts. What is the value of the resistor?  b. 200 1 2 2. What voltage will result in a current of 1/2 amp?  c. 100 3. In a series circuit with one resistor R, V applied = 10 V and I= 0.2 A, find the resistance R of the circuit. R = V I = 10 0.2 = 50 Ω  d 4. Create a table showing the rated resistance and the measured resistance for each resistor in the packet. Also show the percent error. Resisto r Color Code Measured Value Accepted Value Percent error 1 Brown-Black-Orange-Gold 9.825 kΩ = 9825 Ω 10000 1.75% 2 Brown-Black-Red-Gold 0.983 kΩ = 983 Ω 1000 1.7% 5. The workstation was cleaned and all the parts for the lab were returned to the workstation drawer.  True

Analysis and Discussion Percent error is low, less than 2%. The accuracy of the current value between the results obtained by the formula and by the equipment is high; the maximum difference of resistor 1 is 0.01 mA and that of resistor 2 is 0.057 mA. The higher the volt, the higher the amperage, so the theory of the formulas for calculating R, V, I (I = V R ) is verified by these experiments, and the purpose of these experiments is achieved. The circuit set-up process has many steps, so it requires high concentration to complete the experiments otherwise we would spend much time to start over. Recording results requires patience and care to avoid errors.