19FA_512_Individual_Research_Paper_63415_FINAL_A_Mechanical Engineering

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Comparison of Active Dynamic Thermal Imaging (ADT) Method and Hyperspectral Imaging Method for Quantifying Thermal Damage by High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign

Abstract High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) tends to be a powerful curing method for skin diseases and tumors, since it is safe, fast and fewer or no side effects. During the treatment, ultrasound is concentrated to the target area and the temperature boosts immediately so that local unhealthy cells are killed. Regardless of many advantages, HIGU is still limited in application due to difficulty of giving instantaneous feedback. This paper compares two possible instant treatment assessment method, active dynamic thermography and hyperspectral imaging method, on feasibility, hardware, operation convenience and performance. Finally, the superior one is proposed. Keywords : HIFU, ADT, hyperspectral imaging

Comparison of Active Dynamic Thermal Imaging (ADT) Method and Hyperspectral Imaging Method for Quantifying Thermal Damage by High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Ultrasound is a high frequency sound wave transferring via the medium. It is widely used in industries and medication. For example, ultrasonic welding is commonly utilized in battery industries to join battery tab and bus. Doctors also use ultrasound to evaluate the situation of organs, such as kidney or bladder, to exclude certain diseases. Besides applications in auxiliary medical diagnosis, ultrasound can also be used for treatment to some diseases or even a powerful way to remove tumors. Such therapy usually employs high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU in short) to convey the energy to target tissues. Propagated harmlessly, HIFU causes a temperature rise to cause the damage of those tissues without damaging surrounding or overlying cells (Haar & Coussios, 2007; Kim & Rhim, 2008; Banerjee & Dasgupta, 2010). Although HIFU is expected to be a promising curing method for many skin diseases or cancers, there are still some problems it must address. One of those problems is how to evaluate the quality of the treatment efficiently and instantaneously. As was mentioned previously, in HIFU therapy, local temperature rises dramatically in the target tissues so that unhealthy tissues are destroyed (Haar & Coussios, 2007). Such process is indeed a burning process. Thus, HIFU treatment can be considered as a local burn injury which will change the physical properties of target area, e.g. the physical properties like thermal conductance, specific heat capacity, and reflectance absorption spectrum. Hence, by quantifying the difference of the physical properties before and after HIFU treatment, the thermal damage by HIFU treatment, or the performance of therapy, can be accessed. Regarding the thermal aspect of HIFU therapy, infrared thermal camera based method, active dynamic thermal imaging (ADT) and optical properties measurement based method, hyperspectral imaging seem to be possible

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solution for instantaneous evaluation of HIFU treatment. In ADT method, a cold ice pack is applied to the target area. After removing the pack, a temperature rise history is recorded. Then the thermal properties are measured by fitting the temperature curve (Renkielska & Nowakowski, 2006). While in hyperspectral imaging method, light in different wavelengths is implemented to generate images. Those images are then subject to spatial-spectral analysis to obtain optical properties (Randeberg, 2010). In this paper, the potential of both ADT and hyperspectral imaging methods is compared for non-invasive assessment of thermal damage by HIFU treatment, based on tissue properties changed by HIFU treatment. It is found that ADT method appeared to be more promising than hyperspectral imaging method for quantifying thermal damage by HIFU therapy. Comparison Between ADT and Hyperspectral Feasibility of ADT System and Hyperspectral Imaging System Feasibility of ADT for HIFU assessment ADT method is a variation of traditional infrared thermography method, which has been widely applied in medical diagnostics of burns and wounds. Kaczmarek (2016) showed that in wounds area, the surface temperature distribution of a patient is affected by increased or decreased metabolism of burns, contributing to hot or cold spots formation. However, distribution of temperature on a patient may be strongly affected by his physical state as well as by external environmental conditions. Active dynamic infrared thermal imaging (ADT) is proposed in the case where information derived from infrared thermal imaging data results from measurements with active external excitation of a tested tissue (Renkielska & Nowakowski, 2006; Renkielska, 2014; Jaspers, 2017). In this method, not temperature but thermal tissue properties are of analysis value, allowing clear classification of the tested tissue.

To validate ADT method, Renkielska and Nowakowski (2006) implemented this technique to evaluate the burn depth and compared it with other methods while Jaspers (2017) verified the reliability of the thermal imager for the assessment of burn wounds. Since the main mechanisms of HIFU treatment are thermal and mechanical effects causing temperature increase of the target tissues, applying thermal tomography method offers real-time temperature monitoring during HIFU treatment, which may enhance safety and efficacy during HIFU treatment. Therefore, ADT, which shows changes of thermal tissue properties instead of changes in temperature distribution, can be used for quantitative objective assessment of thermal damage by HIFU treatment. Feasibility of hyperspectral imaging system for HIFU assessment Besides ADT method, hyperspectral imaging, which integrates conventional imaging and spectroscopy to provide both spatial and spectral information from an object, can also be used to probe tissue property change. Recently, it has been widely used for measurements and targeting of specific chromophores within skin tissue for biomedical applications. Randeberg et al (2010) studied the performance of hyperspectral imaging method for estimation of skin optical parameters. Parasca et al (2018) applied a new combination of hyperspectral imaging and spectral matrix analysis method for burn severity assessment. Their results further showed this method is capable of evaluating burn injury. Besides, when the heat is applied to the tissues, both optical scattering and absorption coefficients increase on account of thermal dissociation of phospholipid cellular membranes and thermal denaturation of intracellular and extracellular protein. Considering the burn wound nature of HIFU treatment, as well as the change of optical properties in response to this, hyperspectral imaging should be able to use in assessment of HIFU therapy. In addition to the precise measurement of optical properties, hyperspectral imaging

combines high spatial and spectral resolution in one modality, giving images with full spectral resolution in every pixel. This makes it a promising tool for quantify the changes of optical properties of treated area before and after HIFU treatment. Comparison of Hardware between an ADT System and a Hyperspectral Imaging System System cost To compare the potential for future medical applications, the cost of two systems is an important factor to be considered. ADT system is usually less expensive than a hyperspectral imaging system. The main component in a typical ADT system is just a thermal camera (Gutiérrez & José, 2019; Lodhi, 2019). However, a typical hyperspectral system consists of a light source, a hyperspectral imager and a white Teflon board (Randeberg & Larsen, 2010; Bjorgan & Randeberg, 2014). Though the price of a hyperspectral imager is almost the same as a thermal camera, a hyperspectral system is more expensive than an ADT system due to required auxiliary devices, like a light source and a white Teflon board. Therefore, in terms of system price, ADT is superior. System portability In addition to the cost, system portability should also be considered. An ADT system is usually more portable than a hyperspectral imaging system. When applied ADT method, only a thermal camera is need. And the size of a thermal camera can be small. Though the size of a hyperspectral imager in a hyperspectral imaging system can be small, an additional light source is needed. Hence, ADT system is easier to carry than a hyperspectral system. Comparison of Operation Convenience between ADT Method and Hyperspectral Imaging Method

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The operation of ADT method is more convenient than hyperspectral imaging method in clinical applications. In ADT method, two phases are contained: cooling phase and self-warming phase. Typical ADT experiment procedures can be described as follows: Firstly, ice pack is applied on the entire target tissue for 30-60 seconds to initial the thermal response, till surface temperature reaches the level of the room temperature. Then the ice pack is removed from the tissue. From this moment, a thermographic infrared camera is used to record the surface temperature of the tissue, typically the recovery phase equal three times of the cooling time (Renkielska & Nowakowski, 2006; Renkielska, 2014; Kaczmarek & Nowakowski, 2016). In contrast to the ADT method, hyperspectral imaging method contains more steps and a preparation step: Before image acquisition, a white Teflon board with a black marker was placed across the target tissue as a fiducial for focusing, and to provide a reflectance standard for later data calibration. The acquisition steps are summarized as follows (Wang, 2016; Zheng , 2015). 1 ） After placing the white Teflon board with a black marker on the tissue, the hyperspectral imaging system was placed properly for imaging. 2 ） Turning on the light Source and acquiring the hyper-spectral images with the white Teflon board covering the tissue within the target wavelength range. 3 ） Removing the white Teflon board on the tissue and acquiring the hyper-spectral images of the tissue within the target wavelength range. The imaging session was performed in triplicate to reduce the measurement error. 4) Turning off the light source and acquiring the dark background images within the target wavelength range.

The whole data collection process of ADT method is expected to take less than 5 minutes. However, hyperspectral imaging method needs 10 mins. By comparing the expected time and number of procedures of those methods, ADT is better in the sense of operation convenience. Comparison of measurement performance between ADT method and hyperspectral imaging method Spatial resolution. ADT method has a better spatial resolution than hyperspectral imaging. Plane resolution in both ADT method and hyperspectral imaging method are high. The typical plane resolutions in these two methods are 464*348 pixels, 640*480 pixels, 1024*768 pixels and 1280*1024 pixels (Szajewska, 2017; Gutiérrez, 2019). However, the depth resolution in hyperspectral imaging method is lower than ADT method. Due to the difference of detecting wavelength range, the detecting depth in ADT method is almost 5-10 times larger than hyperspectral imaging method, which is about 300-600 um (Lloyd, 2013; Lodhi, 2019). Therefore, ADT is preferable. Thermal resolution in ADT method and spectral resolution in a hyperspectral imaging method. Both thermal resolution in ADT method and spectral resolution in hyperspectral imaging method are high. The typical thermal resolutions in ADT method are ± 5%, ± 2%, and ± 1% of the detecting temperature range (Szajewska, 2017; Lloyd, 2013). The typical spectral resolutions in hyperspectral imaging method are 5nm, 2nm and 1nm (Gutiérrez, 2019; Lodhi, 2019). Although those numbers are not comparable since they belong to different categories, it can be concluded that both systems have very high accuracy. Sensitivity and specificity

In terms of accuracy of thermal damage assessment, hyperspectral imaging is better than ADT. Renkielska et al. (2014) compared the performance of ADT method with clinical evaluation, static thermography, and histopathologic assessment for burn wound depth grading. The study was an in vivo experiment on domestic pigs, and a small number of patients. The results of the study showed an accuracy of 60.7% for clinical evaluation, 69.6% for static thermography, 83.0% for ADT, and 84.0% for histopathologic assessment, which indicated that ADT method was suitable for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of burn depth. While for hyperspectral imaging, an earlier study, conducted by Calin M et al. (2015), pointed out the value of hyperspectral imaging technique together with linear spectral unmixing model for burns characterization, which can help clinicians to distinguish the extent of thermal damage. Parasca, S. V. et al. (2018) compared the ability of this technique to create burning level colormap with laser Doppler imaging (LDI) as a golden standard. The results were very promising. The average overall classification accuracy of the proposed new method and LDI method were 92.17 ± 2.513% and 89.42 ± 2.276%, respectively (Parasca, 2018). Though hyperspectral imaging has a better accuracy (as high as 92.17%), the performance of ADT is good enough for the HIFU treatment. Conclusions HIFU is gaining its popularity in medical treatment for many tumors. Although ADT and hyperspectral imaging methods are focusing on different biological aspects, they are both promising tools for diagnosis of HIFU therapy. This paper compares two methods in system cost, portability, operation convenience and measurement performance. Considering this, ADT method is superior than hyperspectral imaging method for quantifying thermal damage in clinical. Besides HIFU therapy, ADT method can also be applied for thermal damage assessment

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of other hyperthermia treatment, like laser surgery and microwave radiology. Therefore, ADT deserves more research focus in quantification of therapy assessment. However, there are still a lot of potentials remaining to explore for both methods, attention should be paid equally on ADT and hyperspectral imaging techniques for future work.

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