EEE 202 Lab 4 Data Sheet

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Johns Hopkins University *

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202

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Name: EEE 202 Lab 4 Data Sheet Thevenin’s and Norton’s Models Part 1: Pre-Lab Work Use the circuit shown to caluculate the following: 1. Calculate the voltage across and power dissipated of the load resistor (show your work) V L = 0.1584V P L = 76.03*10^-6W 1

2. Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit and recalculate the voltage and power of the load resistor. You can do the drawing by hand on a piece of paper, or using LTSpice/TinkerCad (without simulating) or any other circuit-drawing method . Show your work. Your mathematical work/calculations: 2

V TH = 1.24V R TH = 2248Ohms V L = 0.159V P L =76.03*10^-3W Do the values match your answers from Part 1? (explain) Values did match because there is not much difference Your Thevenin circuit drawing: 3

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Use the Thevenin circuit to create an equation for P L as a function of R L : Could you do this with the original circuit? Explain. The equation will be complex for original circuit. therefore, we will convert it into theveinn equivalent circuit to get the required equation. 3. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit and recalculate the voltage and power of the load resistor. You can do the drawing by hand on a piece of paper, or using LTSpice/TinkerCad (without simulating) or any other circuit-drawing method . Show your work Your mathematical work/calculations: 4

I N = 0.55*10^-3A R TH = 2248Ohms V L = 0.158V P L = 75.715*10^-6W Do the values match your answers from Part 1 and Part 2? (explain) Yes in part 1 and part 2 approximately values are same. 4. Replace voltage source in the Thevenin equivalent circuit, V TH , with a source that can’t supply power more than half of P L that you calculated in question 1. Find the range of the load power, P L ' . To do this, follow the steps below: a. R L ' corresponding to P S =P L /2 = 141.7 Ohms b. P L ' corresponding to R L ' = 3.815*10^-5 W 5

c. Maximum P L ' that can be supplied to the load resistor = W d. Minimum P L ' that can be supplied to the load resistor = ________________W What do you think would happen to the source if your load’s resistance was below R L ' ? If the value of resistance below the required value therefore the resistance will increase the power. Hence the power will not go maximun until required resistance. Part 2: LTSpice Simulation 1. Build this circuit using LTSpice and run a DC Sweep analysis. Plot, using LTSpice, the load voltage (VL) vs. the supply voltage (V1). (Label and attach the LTSpice schematic and plot to the lab data sheet. Be sure to label your nodes.): Include a screenshot of your LTSpice-built circuit here: 6

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Include a screenshot of your plotted curve(s) from LTSpice here: Draw plot: Sketch (by hand on a piece of paper to-scale, or using MATLAB or any other non- LTSpice equation-based method) the load resistor voltage vs the supply voltage (0 < V1 < 5V). V L should be on the y-axis, while V 1 should be on the x-axis. [Hint: Derive V L as a function in V 1 .] Include your plot here: 7

2. Build the Thevenin equivalent circuit on LTSpice and run a DC Sweep analysis. Plot the load voltage vs. the supply voltage (Label and attach the LTSpice schematic and plot to the lab data sheet. Be sure to label your nodes.) Does your plot match the plot from #1? Include a screenshot of your LTSpice-built circuit here: 8

Include a screenshot of your plotted curve(s) from LTSpice here: 9

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3. Build the Norton equivalent circuit on LTSpice and run a DC Sweep analysis. Plot the load voltage vs. the supply voltage. You might need to right-click the x-axis so you can change the x-axis variable. Label and attach the LTSpice schematic and plot to the lab data sheet. Be sure to label your nodes. Does your plot match the plot from #1? Include a screenshot of your LTSpice-built circuit here: 10

Include a screenshot of your plotted curve(s) from LTSpice here: Part 3: Hardware 1. Build this circuit in hardware (use a DC power supply for your supply voltage): 2. Use a multimeter to measure the voltage across the load resistor (V L ). V L = ____________V Calculate the load power dissipation (P L ). (show your work) 11

P L = ____________W 3. Build the Thevenin equivalent circuit. ( if you can’t find an equivalent RTH, build one out of parallel and series combinations ). Use a multimeter to measure V L and calculate P L . (show your work and draw the ciruit you built – including the combinations of resistors you used to create R TH ) Draw your Thevenin circuit here. You can do this by hand on a piece of paper, or using LTSpice/TinkerCad (without simulating) or any other circuit drawing method: V L = ____________V 12

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P L = ____________W Part 4: Non-Ideal Voltage Sources Alkaline Battery Modeling Do you expect R TH for the Alkaline battery to be high or low? Why? V TH (V) R L ( W ) I L (mA) R TH ( W ) Average Value: Alkaline Battery Thevenin Model: V TH = __________________V R TH = __________________ W Carbon Zinc Battery Modeling Do you expect R TH for the Carbon Zinc battery to be high or low? Why? V TH (V) R L ( W ) I L (mA) R TH ( W ) Average Value: Carbon Zinc Thevenin Model: V TH = __________________V R TH = __________________ W Which battery chemistry would be better for small load resistances and why? Comment on your findings: 13

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