Lab #1_ Introduction to Instruments

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Carleton University *

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1043

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Electrical Engineering

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab #1: Introduction to Instruments ECOR1043: Circuits Lab Group No: 1043S2-G19 Group Member 1: 101287262 Abubakr Mohammed Group Member 2: 101276670 Feyikunmi Soile Performed on: 16/05/2023 Submitted on: 19/05/2023 6.1.1: Checking Breadboard Connections using Multimeter

(3) Measure the resistance between the following pairs of wires by touching the probes to the ends of the wires to check for the connection between the associated breadboard holes. Write “OC” (Open circuit) against the pair which shows infinite resistance and “SC”(short-circuit) against the pair which shows minimal resistance(typically less than one ohm) Table 1 Wire OC/SC Wire OC/SC Wire OC/SC Wire OC/SC 1&2 SC 7&8 SC 11&14 SC 18&22 OC 1&13 SC 9&10 OC 14&16 OC 19&21 OC 5&6 OC 10&20 OC 15&16 SC 18&19 SC 6.2: Measuring Resistance with Multimeter (3) Measure the 820Ω, 1kΩ, 2.2kΩ and 2.7MΩ resistors by touching the probes to the ends of the resistors and record the values: 820 Ω = 0.806kΩ 1k Ω = 985Ω 2.2kΩ = 2.16kΩ 2.7MΩ = 2.782MΩ 6.4.1: Measuring Voltage (4) Measure the voltage drop across R 1 by touching the probes to the ends of the resistor. V R 1 ≈ 1.98V The reason the voltage through R 1 is close to the supply voltage of 2V because the current is close to 1mA. Using Ohm’s Law (V=IR), it is clear that the voltage is ≈ 2V and the current value must also be close to 1 since the product is close to our supply voltage .(i.e if i = 0.9 mA thenV =( 0.9 mA ) ¿ Ω) = 1.98V ≈ 2 V ) 6.4.2: Measuring Current (4)In this part of the lab I measured the current by including the DMM in the series circuit alongside the resistors and voltage source. The current read on the display is: I R 1 = 0.9 mA

6.5: 2 Resistor Circuit Using the procedure described in section 6.4.1 before, measure the voltage drop V R 1 across the same resistor R 1 . What value do you now see across the same resistor (R 1 )? (2) V R 1 = 1.37 V Now measure the voltage drop across R 2 (3) V R 2 = 0.62 V Using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) we can determine that the total voltage drop is equal to the voltage that is being supplied to the circuit − V 1 + V R 1 + V R 2 = 0 , − 2 V + 1.4 V + 0.6 V = 0 6.6: 3 Resistor Circuit (3) Measure voltages across R 1 ,R 2 ∧ R 3 resistors using the procedure described in the first part of section 6.4. V R 1 ≈ 1.65 V V R 2 ≈ 0.337 V V R 3 ≈ 0.337 V Calculate currents through these resistors using the above voltages and values of resistors you measured earlier in step 3 of section 6.2. I R 1 ≈ 0.767 mA I R 2 ≈ 0.343 mA I R 3 ≈ 0.424 mA Using the KCL we can prove that these values are accurate as: − 0.767 mA + 0.343 mA + 0.424 mA = 0 6.9.1: Performing measurements using Oscilloscope (7) Vertical Scale: 760 mV

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(9) Horizontal Scale: 16 μs (11) Frequency ( f )= 10 kHz (12) Period ( T )= 100 μs (13) Take a screenshot/photo of the display showing the waveform, horizontal and vertical scales reached as well as the period of the wave. Change measurement type to ‘Peak Peak’ and record the peak-to-peak value measured: (17) Vpp = 5.51V Similarly, in Meas. Place 3, measure and record the RMS value of the cycle (19) RMS cycle = 122 mV (19) Take a screenshot/photo showing the display showing the waveform, period, the peak-to-peak voltage and RMS voltage measured. 6.9.2: Cursors Measurements (3) Using the difference between cursor lines, measure and record the following: period, frequency and V pp . Period ( T ) 80 μs Frequency ( Hz ) 10 kHz V pp value 5.2332 V (4) 2 screenshots of the oscilloscope display: 6.10: Function/Waveform Generator Using the Oscilloscope measure the frequency of the signal: (13) Frequency = 500 Hz

(14) Using both the multimeter and Oscilloscope measure the RMS voltage of the signal: Multimeter (MM) ¿ 2.13 V Oscilloscope (V) ¿ 4.8 V (15) Table 2 Measured 1 Measured 2 Measured 3 Measured 4 Measured 5 Frequencies 1 kHz 10kHz 20kHz 30kHz 40kHz Multimeter 5.103V 10.361V 12.125V 14.32V 16.152V Oscilloscope 4.288V 10.127 V 12.132V 14.133V 16.149V Discussion Questions: 1. Resistance levels measured vs values achieved varied somewhat; this might be attributed to rounding or estimating mistakes. Because of this, we must calculate the percentage of error in our calculations during experiments to determine how much inaccuracy there is. The percentage inaccuracy for 820 is 1.7%, for 2.2k it is 1.81%, for 1k it is 1.5%, and for 2.7M it is 3.03%. 2. It is incorrect to use a DMM in a series connection. To measure the resistance of a resistor connected in a circuit, the circuits must be powered off along with all capacitors. Using the other method it runs a high risk of short circuiting. 3. The trend noticed is that the multimeter and oscilloscope have very similar measurements. This means the voltages and frequencies are very much related to each other using the time variable of frequency.

4. An advantage of creating a circuit on a breadboard is that cable installation is faster and simpler because there is no soldering involved. Compared to soldering which is more efficient then using the breadboard since it has a stronger current connection.

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