ENGR 43 Lab1
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Chabot College *
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Electrical Engineering
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Feb 20, 2024
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ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
LAB 1 – Resistance and Resistivity
Student Names: ____Thi Lan Nhi Pham________________
Overview
In this activity the student will measure the resistance of several wires and printed traces.
Before Starting This Activity
Learning Outcomes for Activity
Relevant knowledge (K), skill (S), or attitude (A) student learning outcomes
K1.
Learn about the types of probes and clips.
K2.
Understand why using an ammeter and a voltmeter is more accurate than using
an ohmmeter.
S1.
Collect and summarize data from resistance measurements.
S2.
Calculate balk resistivity of several materials.
Getting Started
Lab Activity and Deliverables: It should take students approximately 2 hours to complete the lab activity, and 1 hours of homework time to complete the lab report.
Equipment & Supplies
Item
Qty
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
2
Tektronix power supply
1
Banana plug to Alligator clip leads
5
Resistivity test specimen
3
Resistive touch screen glass
1
Current limiting resister ~100 ohms
1
Calipers
1
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
1
ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
Task #1 – Collect Resistance Data
1.
Prior to the start of the Test Measure
a.
Measure the value of the current limiting resistor with DMM.
R = __99.5__ ohms.
b.
Measure the resistance of the sample using the DMM.
c.
Measure the specimen diameter with the calipers. Since resistivity is usually given in meter-ohms you should record each measurement in metric
units.
d.
Record the specimen length as written on the label. 2.
Set up the measurement system per this schematic and pictures. You can change the order of the limiting resistor, ammeter and specimen.
3.
Table I through Table III. a.
For Table I measure one sample from Group A: either copper or aluminum.
b.
For Table II measure one sample from Group B: either Monel 400, stainless steel 304 or stainless steel T316L.
c.
For Table III measure one sample from Group C: either Nichrome 80 – 20 or Chromel C.
4.
For each specimen make measurement pairs:
a.
V, the potential across it (millivolts)
b.
I, the current thru it (milliamps)
Note that measurements must be made in
ordered pairs. That is, consider the current, I, as a function of the potential, V → I = f(V). Proceed as follows:
a.
First set the approximate voltage level using the power supply knob.
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
2
ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
b.
Make NO knob adjustments until the
accompanying current measurement is complete
c.
Then precisely measure to at least three (3) significant figures the electrical potential (voltage) using the DMM voltmeter function
d.
Finally measure to at least three (3) significant figures the electrical current using the DMM ammeter function e.
Only now can the power supply knob
be adjusted for the next voltage level.
Task #2 – Data Reduction Calculation
1.
Consult the literature and determine a “Handbook” value for
corresponding to your specimens. List your references in Table IV. Textbooks, handbooks, technical journals, and websites are acceptable references.
2.
Reduce the measured values to resistivity values.
a.
= RA/L.
b.
Be sure that units are consistent and reported.
c.
Calculated the
% from the literature
value as
% = 100x(
calc
–
lit
)/
lit
d.
Using a spread sheet will probably be faster and more accurate.
3.
For each of the specimens use Excel to:
a.
Plot the V-I characteristic. b.
Determine the value of the specimen resistance using linear regression.
c.
Attach your plots to the report. The plots should include data on the linear regression
i.
The Slope Value
ii.
The Intercept Value
iii.
The correlation coefficient (R
2
) Value
d.
If your statistical analysis reveals a significant intercept, please comment
on the possible physical sources of this quantity.
4.
Assuming that the regressed value has greater statistical validity than the average value, calculate the
% between
the two. Enter
% in Table VI.
Task #3 – Calculate Printed Silver Trace Resistivity
1.
For this task you will measure the resistance of a printed silver trace or conductive stripe along the edge of the glass substrate from a resistive touch screen. Use the same circuit and measurement method as used for the wire samples. Use the spring clips to contact the ends of the trace. The clips connected to the power supply should be
on the outside. The clips connected to the voltmeter should be on the inside.
2.
Enter the 10 measurements in Table VII.
3.
Look at the spec sheet for the ink (
www.dupont.com/content/dam/dupont/
products-and-services/electronic-and-
electrical-materials/documents/prodlib/
7713.pdf
) to find the expected resistivity
for the ink. Note that the spec is for sheet
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
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ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
resistivity so the equation for the resistance of the trace is
= RA/L.
4.
Calculated the
% from the literature value as
% = 100x(
calc
–
lit
)/
lit
5.
Use Excel to plot the V-I characteristic and determine the value of the trace resistance using linear regression.
6.
Return all lab hardware to the “as-
found” condition
Deliverable(s)
Print your Excel workbook and attach it to this student guide.
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
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ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
Raw Data and Calculations
Table I – Copper or Aluminum Specimen Resistivity Measurements
Material Tested _____Aluminum
Ohmmeter resistance measurement =
2.5 ohm
Specimen Length =
91.5 ft
Specimen Diameter Measurements
Ø
1
Ø
2
Ø
3
Ø
avg
0.00065
0.00065
0.00061
0.00063
Specimen I Measurements
Vs,
Nominal
(Volt)
Vs actual
I (mA)
V (mV)
Rspecimen =
V/I
1
1
5.27
13.3
2.523719165
2
2
10.64
26.9
2.528195489
3
3.1
16.31
41.3
2.532188841
4
4
21.6
54.7
2.532407407
5
5
26.55
67.3
2.534839925
6
6
32.5
82.4
2.535384615
7
7
37.8
95.6
2.529100529
8
8
43.3
109.4
2.526558891
9
9
49.2
124.2
2.524390244
10
10
54.5
137.7
2.526605505
Avg
2.529339061
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
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ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
Table II – Monel 400, SS304 or SS T316L Specimen Resistivity Measurements
Material Tested ____Monel 400________________________
Ohmmeter resistance measurement =
21.6 ohm
Specimen Length =
91 ft
Specimen Diameter Measurements
Ø
1
Ø
2
Ø
3
Ø
avg
0.00069
0.00071
0.0007
0.0007
Specimen II Measurements
Vs, Nominal (Volt)
Vs actual
I (mA)
V (mV)
Rspecimen = V/I
1
1
4.72
102
21.61016949
2
2
9.41
203
21.5727949
3
3
14.38
310
21.55771905
4
3.9
19.14
412
21.52560084
5
5
24.18
521
21.54673284
6
6
29.19
629
21.54847551
7
7
34.07
734
21.54388025
8
8
38.99
840
21.54398564
9
8.9
43.8
941
21.48401826
10
10.1
49.5
1063
21.47474747
Avg
21.54081242
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ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
Table III – 80-20 Nichrome or Chromel C Specimen Resistivity Measurements
Material Tested _________Chromel C_________________________________________
Ohmmeter resistance measurement =
33.1 ohm
Specimen Length =
100 ft
Specimen Diameter Measurements
Ø
1
Ø
2
Ø
3
Ø
avg
0.00035
0.00034
0.00036
0.00035
Specimen III Measurements
V
s,Nominal
(Volt)
V
s,Actual
I (mA)
V (mV)
R
specimen
= V/I
1
1.0
2.25
74.0
32.88888889
2
2.0
4.54
145.3
32.00440529
3
3.0
6.78
230.4
33.98230088
4
4.0
9.10
304.3
33.43956044
5
5.0
11.31
374
33.06808134
6
6.0
13.87
453
32.66041817
7
7.0
16.72
544
32.53588517
8
8.0
18.45
623
33.76693767
9
9.0
20.34
673
33.08751229
10
10.0
23.17
765
33.01683211
Avg =
33.04508223
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
7
ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
8
ENGR 43
Lab Activity
Student Guide
Table IV – Resistivity References
Specimen
Reference
Aluminum
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/rstiv.html
Monel 400
www.thebalance.com/monel-400-properties-and-composition-2340256
Chromel C
https://www.mcmaster.com/chromel-c-wire/
Table V – Resistivity Calculations
Specimen
Diameter
Area
Length
Measured
Resistance
Resistivity
Aluminum
0.0006
3.117
2E-07
27.8
2.5
2.8033E-
08
2.65E-
08
5.784
081
Monel 400
0.0007
3.848
5E-07
14.3
21.6
5.813E-
07
5.47E-
07
6.271
387
Chromel C
0.0004
9.621
1E-08
30
33.1
1.0615E-
07
1.01E-
07
5.102
086
Table VI – Average Vs Regression
Specimen
Resistance
Average
Resistance
Regression
%
Aluminum
2.5293
2.5252
0.163641
999
Monel 400
21.54
21.478
0.287836
583
Chromel C
33.045
33.172
0.384324
406
____
ENGR 43 LAB 1 – Resistivity © 2019
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