ELEC160 Lab 4

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Middle Tennessee State University *

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Electrical Engineering

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Feb 20, 2024

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Module 4 Lab: BJT Characterization Introduction In this experiment we will learn how to measure the DC characteristics of Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs). The relationships between voltages and currents in a BJT determine its performance and DC characteristics. We will draw the characteristic Ic vs. Vce curves and will measure the β for the transistor. Read the Lab outline entirely before starting your work. Remember that your lab report will need to include your measurements, calculations, screenshots, etc. as indicated at the end of this outline. Procedure 1. Collector Characteristics 1.1 Start this lab by building the circuit shown in Figure 4.1. BJTs are under the ”Transistors" family. Locate the 2N3904, a very commonly used transistor. The symbol in your version of Multism may be different from the one of the figures, but as we learned, both symbols are interchangeable. Figure 4. 1: Circuit to Measure Collector Characteristics You will notice that this circuit uses a potentiometer. Locate the appropriate potentiometers in the Library as shown in Figure 4.2. DO NOT use the “variable resistor” component. ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 1
Figure 4. 2: Library for Potentiometers Build the circuit shown in Figure 4.1. You will notice how the value of both potentiometers is controlled by the same key. With this, if we change the value of one, the other changes in the same manner. This is not what we want. We want to change them independently. To do this, double-click on one of the two potentiometers. To be consistent with figure 4.1 you may want to change the one on the right. You should see the dialog screen shown in Figure 4.3 ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 2
Figure 4. 3: Parameters for Potentiometers The important parameter here is “Key.” It assigns the letter on your keyboard to change the value of the potentiometer. Change the one on the right to B. This way, the key A changes the value of the potentiometer on the left, and the key B changes the potentiometer on the right. The other parameter that we want to change is “Increment.” Change it from the default value of 5% to 1%. This will allow us to fine-tune the values as needed. Pressing “A” will increase the value, while pressing “SHIFT + A” will decrease it. The same with B. Also, note that it is possible to change the values of the potentiometers during the simulation. In doing so, allow a few seconds for the values to stabilize before recording your measurements. 1.3 Adjust the potentiometer R1 and measure the voltage across R4 until it reaches approximately 3.3 V. This indicates a base current Ib = 10 µA. 1.4 Change now the 5 kΩ potentiometer R2 until the voltage Vce is approximately 2.0 V. If you cannot reach these values, get them as close as you possibly can. 1.5 With a DMM, measure the collector current Ic (Remember that the DMM must be connected in series with the circuit and must be configured to measure Amps in DC). Record these values. 1.6 Repeat 1.5 for the following values of Vce: 2V, 4V, 6V, 8V, 10V, 12V, 14V, 16V. ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 3
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1.7 Using a Scatterplot in Excel or similar software, plot the value Ic versus Vce. You should obtain a graph similar to the one shown in Figure 4.4 for just one value of Ib. In this case, the value of Ib was 10 µA. If your plot looks extremely different, review your work. Figure 4. 4: Typical Ic vs. Vce for a BJT 1.8 We will adjust potentiometer R1 until the voltage measured across R4 reaches approximately 6.6 V. This indicates a base current Ib = 20 µA. Again, if you cannot get this exact value, get as close as possible. 1.9 Keeping Ib = 20 µA, measure the value of the collector current Ic for the following values of Vce: 2V, 4V, 6V, 8V, 10V, 12V, 14V 1.10 Plot the on the same graph as you did in 1.7. 1.11 Change R1 again until Ib = 30 µA. 1.12 Keeping Ib = 30 µA, measure the value of the collector current Ic for the following values of Vce: 2V, 4V, 6V, 8V, 10V. Plot them again. 1.13 Change R1 again until Ib = 40 µA. ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 4
1.14 Keeping Ib = 40 µA, measure the value of the collector current Ic for the following values of Vce: 2V, 4V, 6V, 8V. Plot them again. You should now have obtained a graph similar to the one shown in Figure 4.4. 1.15 Find the highest and lowest value of β. Remember that β = Ic/Ib. What can you conclude about the factors that affect the β of a transistor? 2.- Using the Curve Tracer 2.1 Connect the curve tracer (IV – Analyzer) that we used in a previous lab to the 2N3904 transistor. Make sure that you select BJT PNP on the top right. Keep in mind that the transistor must be disconnected from the circuit. Double-clicking the curve tracer will indicate where to connect each terminal. This is shown in Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5: Connection of the BJT to the IV- Analyzer 2.2 Click on the Simulate Param Button in the Curve Tracer to open the dialog box that will set the parameters for the analysis. We will use the following values: Start Vce = 0 V Start Ib : 10 µA Stop Vce = 16 V Stop Ib: 50 µA Increment: 1V Num-steps: 5 ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 5
2.3 Run the simulation and observe the output of the instrument. Compare this to the results obtained in section 1. Use the cursor for more details. 3.- Measuring β in a BJT 3.1 Build the circuit shown in Figure 4.6. Figure 4. 5: Circuit to Measure β 3.2 Measure in the circuit Ib and Ic and write down their values on your lab report. Ib = Ic = 3.3 With the information from 3.2, calculate the β for the 2N3904 transistor. Laboratory Report Create a laboratory report using Word (or another word processing software) that contains at least these elements: Introduction: What is the purpose of this laboratory experiment? Results for each section: Measured and Calculated Values, Calculations, etc. following the outline. Include screenshots for the circuits and waveforms as necessary. You can press Alt + ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 6
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Print_Screen inside Multisim, or if using Windows 7, you can use the “Snipping tool.” Either way, you can paste these figures into your Word processor. Also, include here the charts and graphs that you have created with the data you have collected. Conclusions: What area(s) did you experience difficulties within the lab; what did you learn in this experiment; how does it apply to your coursework; and any other comments. ELEC 160 – Module 4 Laboratory - Page 7