2101 Lab 13 (2)

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ECE 2101L Section 8 Electrical Circuit Analysis II Lab LAB 13 Four Pole Low Pass Filter 12/07/2023
ABSTRACT A four-pole low-pass filter will have its voltages examined through a load resistor to understand the filter’s effect to various input frequencies. On the other hand, a state variable filter is a type of multiple feedback filter that can produce all three filter responses, low pass, high pass and band pass simultaneously. 2
Table of Contents Page Abstract…………………………………………………………………………2 List of Figures…………………………………………………………………..5 List of Tables……………………………………………………………………4 I. Objectives………………………………………………………………...8 II. Lab……………………………………………………………………….8 III. Conclusion Part 1……………………………………………………...13 IV. Conclusion Part 2……………………………………………………...17 V. Post Lab………………………………………………………………..14 3
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1……………………………………………...9 Table 2……………………………………………...9 4
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1………………………………………….….8 Figure 2………………………………………….….9 Figure 3……………………………………………..10 Figure 4……………………………………………..11 Figure 5……………………………………………..12 5
Schematic + PCB Part 1: 6
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Part 2: 7
Lab Key Objectives: 1-Build and test a Butter worth low pass active filter for a specific frequency and order. 2-Simulate the circuit 3-Design a PCB for the circuit. Materials Required: 1. Four 0.01 µF, four 1.0 µF 2. one 1.5 kΩ, four 8.2 kΩ, two 10 kΩ, one 22 kΩ, one 27 kΩ 3. Two LM741 C op-amps 4. Breadboard and all other connecting test leads, alligator clip leads, and etc. 5. Function Generator 6. Oscilloscope 7. Power Supply Table 1 Component Listed Value Measured values A1 B1 A2 B2 R A1 ,R B1 ,R A2 ,R B2 8.2 k Ω 8.19k Ω 8.16k Ω 8.19k Ω 8.19k Ω C A1 ,C A2 ,C B1 ,C B2 0.01 µF 0.01µF 0.01µF 0.01µF 0.01µF R i1 10 k Ω 9.89 k Ω R f1 1.5 k Ω 1.49 k Ω 8
R i2 22 k Ω 21.65 k Ω R f2 27 k Ω 27.25 k Ω Table 2 Frequency V RL 500 Hz 7.4V 1000 Hz 7.5V 1500 Hz 7.2V 2000 Hz 5.3V 3000 Hz 1.35V 4000 Hz 450mV 8000 Hz 20mV Graphs of Findings: Plot 1: Figure 2 9
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Plot 2: Figure 3 Analysis: - The cutoff frequency for the filter appears to be ~1300 Hz as shown by the drop in voltage on the graph. - The measured voltage gain is 7.4 V - The voltage gain should be 7.4 V, our data is correct. - At 20,000 Hz we would predict that the voltage would be very close to 0 V. - The actual roll off rate of this filter is 86.334 dB/Decade. 10
Part 2- State Variable Filter (Simulation) Figure 4 Theoretical and Measured Values Quantity Computed Measured Center Frequency, f0 1591.55 Hz 1586 Hz Vpp (Center) 16.772 V Upper cutoff, fcu 1610 Hz Lower cutoff, fc1 1563 Hz Bandwidth, BW 47.27 47 Hz Q 33.66 33.72 Voltages at varying frequencies: 11
Figure 5 Conclusion: For this lab, we got to study the response of a four pole low pass filter. We did so by creating this filter with two op-amps and a Load Resistor from which we could study voltage changes. When examining the voltage across the load resistor at various frequencies, we found that the filter we created mimicked that of an actual low pass filter when it came to its frequency response. For part two of the lab, we constructed a state-variable band-pass filter. With this filter, the center frequency was found by tuning the input frequency until the bandpass output was at its highest voltage. For our experiment, this came out to 1586 Hz which is extremely close to the calculated 1591 Hz. In addition to yielding the expected center frequency, the gain and bandwidth of our experimental filter came out to be nearly identical to what our theoretical values were. The cause for such accuracy would be due to the fact that our circuit was created through a simulation rather than in physical life. Finding the center frequency and bandwidth of this filter allowed us to understand this filter’s functionality in comparison to our prior lab’s butterworth filter. 12
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Postlab: 1) 13
2) 14
15
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Conclusion: For this lab, we got to study the response of a four pole low pass filter. We did so by creating this filter with two op-amps and a Load Resistor from which we could study voltage changes. When examining the voltage across the load resistor at various frequencies, we found that the filter we created mimicked that of an actual low pass filter when it came to its frequency response. For part two of the lab, we constructed a state-variable band-pass filter. With this filter, the center frequency was found by tuning the input frequency until the bandpass output was at its highest voltage. For our experiment, this came out to 1586 Hz which is extremely close to the calculated 1591 Hz. In addition to yielding the expected center frequency, the gain and bandwidth of our experimental filter came out to be nearly identical to what our theoretical values were. The cause for such accuracy would be due to the fact that our circuit was created through a simulation rather than in physical life. Finding the center frequency and bandwidth of this filter allowed us to understand this filter’s functionality in comparison to our prior lab’s butterworth filter. 16

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