3. An essential part of an AC-DC power supply circuit is the filter, used to separate the residual AC (called the "ripple" voltage) from the DC voltage prior to output. Here are two simple AC-DC power supply circuits, one without a filter and one with: Plug Vmfiltered Plug Filter Valered Draw the respective output voltage waveforms of these two power supply circuits (unfiltered versus filtered). Explain why that type of filter circuit is needed.

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Types of Thyristors

With four layers of alternating P- and N- materials, a thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device. It acts as a type of bi-stable switch and it conducts when the gate receives a current trigger and continues to conduct until the voltage is reverse biased across the device or by some means until the voltage is removed. The silicon-controlled rectifier is considered synonymous with thyristors by some sources. Thyristors are defined as more complex by other sources as it contains at least four-layer of alternating N-type and P-type substrate. They find large applications in the control of electrical power supplies, electric motor speed control, and ranging of light dimmers because thyristors can control large amounts of power supplies and voltage with a small device. The circuit symbol of the thyristor is given below.