CS 2204 WA 3.edited

docx

School

University of the People *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

2204

Subject

Electrical Engineering

Date

Nov 24, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

1

Uploaded by NeutronPuppyIrene

Report
1. What do you understand by The Hidden Node Problem? Describe 2 different spatial configurations which exemplify this issue. In networking, nodes transfer data over connections, which can be wired, like Ethernet, or wireless, like Wi-Fi. One challenge, particularly in wireless networks, is the occurrence of signal collisions. These collisions corrupt data, hence the need to prevent them. A typical scenario causing these collisions is the "hidden node problem." Example 1: Consider nodes A and C, neither of which can detect the other due to their spatial configurations. However, if both transmit data to a shared node, B, situated in their overlapping coverage areas, the simultaneous transmissions can lead to a collision at B. Example 2: Visualize a scenario with nodes X, Y, and Z. Nodes X and Z are out of each other's range, but both can communicate with node Y. In situations where X and Z decide to send data to Y simultaneously, node Y faces the challenge of colliding data streams. Since X and Z cannot detect each other's transmissions due to their respective locations, they lack the awareness to coordinate them, leading to the hidden node problem at Y. To mitigate these issues, the Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA) algorithm is employed in wireless networks. MACA relies on an exchange of control frames between the sender and receiver before data transmission, specifically using "Request to Send" (RTS) and "Clear to Send" (CTS) frames. This exchange ensures that neighboring nodes are informed of upcoming transmissions, preventing them from sending data that could collide with the ongoing communication. For example, while node A sends an RTS and receives a CTS from node B, node C, upon detecting the CTS from B, realizes that it should refrain from transmitting data to B, thus avoiding potential collisions. 1. What is Time Domain Reflectometry?
Discover more documents: Sign up today!
Unlock a world of knowledge! Explore tailored content for a richer learning experience. Here's what you'll get:
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help