ECE 401L Frequency Modulation and Demodulation Lab 5 Report

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Nov 24, 2024

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P a g e | 1 ECE 401L COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY LAB 5: Frequency Modulation and Demodulation by [Insert Student Name] [Insert Student ID] [Insert Professor Name] [Insert Submission Date]

P a g e | 2 Objective The main objective of this lab is to design, construct and test an FM discriminator circuit. The formulas used in the lab are f 0 = 1 2 π √ LC , BW = 1 2 πRC and τ = 1 2 ( 1 B + 1 f C ) ,τ = RC . We chose L1 and C1 so that the BPF is centered at f 0 =230 kHz and has a bandwidth of approximately BW = 3.34 kHz. For the BPF to operate as an approximate differentiator circuit in our frequency range, the low frequency –3dB cutoff was greater than the carrier frequency. Furthermore, the envelope detector was designed to demodulate a 1 kHz message signal. Procedure A discriminator demodulator circuit as shown in Figure 1 in the lab manual will be built and simulated in Multisim simulation software. We will use a 5V peak-to-peak FM signal with a carrier frequency of approximately 150 kHz and a frequency deviation of 25 kHz. We will test the differentiator part and verify that an AM signal is observed at the output by adjusting R1 as needed to get the desired output. Then, we will test and adjust our envelope detector. We will capture the input waveform, the output of the differentiator, and the output of the envelope detector. We annotated the names of all our teammates on the circuit design schematic in Multisim.

P a g e | 3 Figure 1: Envelope detector output wavform Figure 2: Envelope detector output waveform adjusted

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P a g e | 4 Figure 3: Spikes in envelope detector waveform Figure 4: Input waveform

P a g e | 5 Figure 5: Differentiator circuit output waveform Simulation BPF is centered at around f 0 = 230 kHz . f 0 = 1 2 π √ LC Taking C = 0.01 uF 230 ∗ 10 3 = 1 2 π √ L ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 ( 230 ∗ 10 3 ) 2 = 1 ( 2 π ) 2 L ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 L = 1 ( 2 π ) 2 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 ∗ ( 230 ∗ 10 3 ) 2 = 47.88 uH BPF has a bandwidth of approximately BW = 3.34 kHz . BW = 1 2 πRC

P a g e | 6 3.34 ∗ 10 3 = 1 2 πR ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 R = 1 2 π ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 ∗ 3.34 ∗ 10 3 R = 1 2 π ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 ∗ 3.34 ∗ 10 3 = 4765 Ω τ = RC = 4765 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 10 − 6 = 47.65 us Figure 1: Differentiator circuit Figure 2: Input waveform

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P a g e | 7 Figure 2: Differentiator circuit output waveform Figure 3: Differentiator cascaded with envelope detector

P a g e | 8 Figure 4: Envelope detector output waveform Conclusion This lab was performed to design, construct and test an FM discriminator circuit with and without envelope detector. The output waveforms of the differentiator circuit were obtained and observed for both cases. It was observed that the envelope voltage coming into the envelope detector was greater than the turn-on voltage of the diode. It was observed that we can successfully recover the message for frequencies ranging between 150-200kHz. Moreover, changing the bandwidth or Q of our BPF will affect the low frequency point of our system. In summary, the project was successful in implementing the frequency modulation and demodulation. Bonus: Zero history is related to the ancient Mesopotamia and the first recorded use of a zero-like symbol dates to sometime around the third century B.C. in ancient Babylon.

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