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Date
Jan 9, 2024
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1) The more we see and interact with other people, the more likely they are to become our friends. This statement captures the essence of the _______ effect.
SA) antecedent
B) propinquity
C) similarity
D) mere exposure
E) reciprocity
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Difficult
2) Sir Peter Ustinov (1977) wrote that “...friends are not necessarily the people you like best, they are merely the people who got there first.” This quotation best reflects the power of _______ as an antecedent of attraction.
A) physical characteristics
B) propinquity
C) equity
D) random encounters
E) physical attractiveness
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
3) Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he is shy and introverted and wants to avoid making friends at all costs, he should choose the office that is located
A) at the far end of the hall.
B) next to the cafeteria.
C) next door to the copy room.
D) next to the water cooler.
E) by the vending machines.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Applied
Difficutly: Easy
4) You are very dissatisfied with your current relationships and want to develop new ones. One strategy is to take advantage of the propinquity effect by
A) moving to a new situation or locale.
B) finding people whose personalities complement your own.
C) spending more time with people who seem to like you.
D) changing your physical appearance.
E) find people who have different opinions than you do.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
5) Which of the following adages most directly contradicts
research findings on the propinquity effect?
A) Never judge a book by its cover.
B) Opposites attract.
C) Birds of a feather flock together.
D) Familiarity breeds contempt.
E) You never get a second chance to make a good first impression.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
6) Katie and Jon are in the same accounting class, they live in the same wing of their dormitory, and they usually attend the same extra-curricular activities. Over time, Katie and Jon become attracted to each other. What force is most likely at work here?
A) propinquity
B) complementarity
C) reciprocal liking
D) physical attractiveness
E) similarity
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
7) Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter, and Kurt Back (1950) traced friendship formations among couples in an apartment complex at MIT. They found that residents were most likely to be friends with people
A) whom their partners befriended first.
B) who lived closer to them.
C) of the same gender.
D) who were shared similar backgrounds.
E) similar to them.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
8) When Leon Festinger and his colleagues studied friendship patterns among married couples in an apartment complex at MIT, they found that people who lived at the foot of the stairs or near mailboxes had more friends on upper floors than did other people who lived on the first floor. This illustrates the power of _______ to influence friendship patterns.
A) similarity
B) movement patterns
C) functional distance
D) chance
E) physical distance
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 247-248
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
9) The concept of _______ distance refers to certain aspects of architectural design that make it more likely that some people will come into contact with each other more often than with other people.
A) practical
B) social
C) physical
D) functional
E) actual
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 247-248
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
10) The term “functional distance” refers to
A) the role that physical distance plays in the initiation of relationships.
B) the preferred distance between people that varies as a function of the quality of
their relationship.
C) the level of comfort that people experience, depending on their distance from others.
D) psychological distance that follows from certain aspects of architectural design.
E) the optimal distance between two people who are speaking.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 247-248
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
11) Which of the following illustrates the smallest functional distance?
A) Eric and Carla share an office.
B) George and Jerry live in the same apartment complex.
C) Ed and Ray use the same elevator to leave their building.
D) Shelley lives upstairs from Jane.
E) Tim and Robin work in adjacent offices.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 247-248
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
12) Had you sat in the back row of your classes instead of the front, shopped at Safeway instead of a local market, lived in the south end of town instead of the north, you might
have married someone entirely different. This illustrates the power of _______ in the formation of relationships.
A) mere exposure
B) sociometric status
C) functional interactions
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D) chance
E) random encounters
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
13) _______ refers to the notion that the more we encounter a stimulus, the more we grow to like it.
A) The proximity effect
B) The similarity effect
C) Stimulus generalization
D) Mere exposure
E) The familiarity effect
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
14) You are strongly attracted to Mario, and you very much want him to like you, but you’re afraid that if you open your mouth, he’ll think you’re a bimbo. If you are too nervous to interact with Mario, you can take advantage of the mere exposure effect and
A) frequent the same coffee shop that he goes to, making sure that he sees you every day.
B) ask a friend to point you out the next time you happen to be in the same coffee shop.
C) “accidentally” brush up against him once when you stand in line to buy coffee.
D) expose your worst features first, and your strongest features later.
E) try to ensure that your friends spend a lot of time with him and talk about you.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 248-249
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
15) Richard Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) had a confederate attend large university classes for a systematically varied number of class sessions. In keeping with the mere exposure effect, when unsuspecting students in those classes were later shown photos of the confederate, they liked her best when she had
A) talked more in class.
B) attended more classes.
C) worn short skirts.
D) challenged the professor.
E) worn their school colours.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
16) Recent research on online relationship formation (Desjarlais and Willoughby, 2010) found that the ________ hypothesis was supported among ________.
A) “rich get richer”; girls
B) “rich get richer”; boys
C) “poor get poorer”; girls
D) “poor get poorer”; boys
E) social compensation; girls
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
17) The social compensation hypothesis in research on formation of relationships online states that
A) people turn to the internet to vent their anger over problems in real-world relationships.
B) lonely people who lack the skills to form relationship in person are more able to form relationships online.
C) those whose social networks are impoverished can compensate by adopting a fantasy persona and relationships online.
D) individuals will become disinhibited in online relationships and can express an
unconventional side of themselves.
E) those with a busy schedule can avoid neglect of their friends and family by communication over the internet.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
18) Recent studies carried out in Canada, the US, and the UK compared the quality of relationships formed online with those formed offline (Bane, et al, 2010). These studies found that greater ________ was experienced in ________ friendships.
A) satisfaction; online
B) self-disclosure; online
C) satisfaction; offline
D) discomfort; offline
E) superficiality; offline
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
19) Consider this piece of folk wisdom, “opposites attract.” The social-psychological concept of _______ is most closely related to this truism.
A) similarity
B) functional distance
C) reciprocity
D) complementarity
E) correspondence
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
20) You are very sociable and outgoing, so at a holiday party, you approach a quiet young woman standing alone in the corner. To break the ice, you discuss a number of “safe” topics like what the winter will be like, what new television shows are worth watching, and what books you’ve been reading lately. You see eye-to-eye on a lot. After the conversation, you like the young woman. Based on a large number of social psychological experiments, why is that so?
A) Because you agreed on so much, the functional distance between you was low.
B) We tend to like people who agree with us on major points, but disagree on minor points.
C) We tend to be attracted to people who hold similar opinions to ours.
D) You are an extravert, she is an introvert, and opposites attract.
E) We tend to like people who agree with us on minor points, but disagree on major points.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
21) When Theodore Newcomb (1961) randomly assigned male students at the University of Michigan to be roommates at the start of the school year, he found that _______ and _______ were powerful predictors of who became friends.
A) demographic similarity; physical attractiveness
B) attitude similarity; physical attractiveness
C) attitude similarity; physical attractiveness
D) demographic similarity; attitude similarity
E) physical attractiveness; the number of friends in common
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
22) You are director of residential living at a large university and you have decided to take a scientific approach to roommate assignment. This year you are planning to construct a questionnaire to be completed by all new incoming students and to use students’ responses to match roommates. Based on the work of Theodore Newcomb (1961), what question should you be sure to ask?
A) “How many hours do you plan to study each day?”
B) “How big was your high school graduating class?”
C) “What was your high school GPA?”
D) “Are you a morning person or a night person?”
E) “How much do you enjoy your classes?”
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Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
23) Beatriz is expressive, sociable, and warm. She is most likely to prefer a friend or romantic partner who is
A) independent
B) friendly
C) rational
D) logical
E) analytical
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
24) Barbara, Brittany, Laurie, and Melissa have each adopted a different strategy in their attempts to attract Arthur. All else being equal, who is most likely to be unsuccessful
?
A) Laurie, who attempts to present herself as being similar to Arthur
B) Britain, who attempts to improve her physical appearance
C) Melissa, who demonstrates her independence by disagreeing with Arthur
D) Barbara, who attempts to increase her physical proximity to Arthur
E) Georgia, who takes all the same classes as Arthur
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-253
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
25) Frank and have come to like one another. Why would this have occured according to the concept of complementarity
?
A) Margaret and Frank live next door to one another.
B) Margaret and Frank hold similar attitudes and values.
C) Both Margaret and Frank are not physically attractive.
D) Margaret holds left-wing political beliefs and Frank holds right-wing political beliefs.
E) Both Margaret and Frank are physically attractive.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
26) The _______ concept posits that we will be attracted to people whose characteristics are the opposite of ours.
A) propinquity
B) mere exposure
C) functional distance
D) complementarity
E) reciprocal
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
27) According to the authors, the greatest amount of research supports the notion of _______ over the notion of _______.
A) propinquity; similarity.
B) similarity; mere exposure.
C) complementarity; similarity.
D) mere exposure; similarity.
E) similarity; complementarity.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
28) According to the authors, one reason why similarity is so important to attraction is that we
A) find disagreement unfamiliar and therefore aversive.
B) believe that people who are similar to us will like us.
C) avoid conflict at any cost.
D) find cooperation reinforcing.
E) find any disagreement to be threatening.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Recall
Diffculty: Easy
29) According to the authors, what is one reason why similarity leads to attraction? We view agreement with another person as
A) challenging.
B) personally validating.
C) relatively uncommon.
D) familiar.
E) ingratiating.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
30) There are several reasons why similarity is so important to attraction. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?
A) Similarity means that our anxiety diminishes in the presence of similar others.
B) Similarity means that our beliefs are valued.
C) Similarity means that our beliefs are reinforced as being correct.
D) Similarity means we assume that it will be enjoyable to spend time with them.
E) Similarity means that we feel that people will like us because we are similar to them.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate 31) The results of research on couple relationships in Kitchener-Waterloo (Murray and colleagues, 2002) show that couples _______ the degree of similarity with their partner and this was _______ relationship satisfaction.
A) actually perceived; related to
B) accurately perceived; unrelated to
C) overestimated; unrelated to
D) overestimated; predictive of
E) underestimated; damaging to
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
32) Perhaps the most crucial determinant of whether we will like someone is
A) how our friends and family feel about that person.
B) whether the other person likes us.
C) how similar that person is to us.
D) how physically attractive we find the other person.
E) how often we've interacted with that person in the past.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
33) Perhaps the most crucial determinant of whether we like someone is whether he or she likes us. This best illustrates the power of
A) complementarity.
B) mere exposure effect.
C) propinquity.
D) reciprocal liking.
E) similarity.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
34) Rebecca Curtis and Kim Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was given “special” information that actually changed his or her behaviour. Results of their experiment reveal that when
A) people meet for the first time, complementarity influences attraction.
B) people meet for the first time, attitude similarity determines liking.
C) someone holds similar attitudes to our own, we like them better.
D) we think someone likes us, we actually behave in more likable ways.
E) someone holds dissimilar attitudes to our own, we like them better.
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Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
35) Rebecca Curtis and Kim Miller (1986) assigned participants at random to have a conversation. One member of each pair was told that the other person liked him or her. Participants who were provided with this information actually behaved in more likable ways, and their partners, too, behaved in pleasant ways. These findings demonstrate that _______ may explain the power of reciprocal liking.
A) similarity
B) reciprocity of exchange
C) mere exposure effect
D) complementarity
E) the self-fulfilling prophecy
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
36) You've just moved into a new singles complex, where you have yet to meet anyone appealing. You're going to attend the first “mixer,” and you want to increase the odds that any attractive single woman you meet will ask you on a date. Based on the results
of a study conducted by Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966) you will be more successful in this endeavor if you
A) point out what you have in common with any attractive women you meet.
B) make it a point to remain close to attractive men.
C) try to position yourself beside the same attractive woman at all times.
D) make yourself look as attractive as you can.
E) strike the right balance between intelligence and sensitivity.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
37) When Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming
students for a first-year orientation dance, the partner’s _______ determined whether the individuals expressed a desire to date that person again.
A) self-esteem
B) intelligence
C) similarity
D) physical appearance
E) emotional resiliency
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
38) Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming students for a first-year orientation dance. They found that men _______.
A) valued attractiveness, whereas women valued intelligence.
B) valued physical attractiveness more than women did.
C) valued physical attractiveness less than women did.
D) valued attractiveness, whereas women valued sensitivity.
E) and women both valued physical attractiveness.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
39) Paul Sergios and James Cody (1985) conducted a replication of the study by Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1966), in which men and women were paired at random for a “blind date” dance. In their study, Sergios and Cody studied gay men.
They found that
A) the importance of physical attractiveness seems to be limited to heterosexuals.
B) gay men seem to prefer those who are comparable to themselves in attractiveness.
C) gay men are similar to heterosexuals in the importance of attractiveness.
D) gay men place more emphasis on perceived social power.
E) gay men place significantly more emphasis on physical attractiveness.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
40) According to research using a fake lie detector conducted at the University of Saskatchewan regarding the relation between physical attractiveness and liking,
A) people are aware of the influence looks have on their liking for others, but they
don't like to admit it.
B) physical attraction has less influence on our liking than we believe.
C) women are more likely than men to admit that physical attraction influences their choice of dating partners.
D) attractiveness operates like a cognitive heuristic in that it influences our liking without us being aware of it.
E) men are more likely than women to admit that physical attraction influences their choice of dating partners.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
41) According to research conducted by Michael Cunningham and his colleagues (1986, 1995), there is overlap in what men and women find attractive in the opposite sex. For
example, both men and women find _______ attractive.
A) narrow hips and flat stomachs
B) the “babyface” features of small noses and chins
C) high foreheads and thick, glossy hair
D) large eyes and prominent cheekbones
E) a large chin and a big smile
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 253-255
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
42) Which of the following physical characteristics are associated with a “babyface”?
A) large eyes and prominent cheekbones
B) full lips and prominent cheekbones
C) large eyes and small noses
D) small noses and prominent cheekbones
E) full lips and large smiles
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 253-255
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
43) Research on the components of attractiveness has looked at judgments of faces. All of the following are discussed in the text as related to attractiveness EXCEPT
A) large lips.
B) large eyes.
C) prominent cheekbones.
D) small nose and chin.
E) high eyebrows.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 253-255
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate 44) Which of the following (actual) research findings represents the most serious
challenge to evolutionary explanations of love and attraction?
A) Men tend to prefer younger women and women tend to prefer men of the same
age.
B) In areas of the world where parasitic diseases are prevalent, men and women value physical attractiveness.
C) Men tend to place more emphasis on sex in a relationship than women.
D) Women are less likely than men to admit the importance of physical attractiveness, but observations of behaviours
reveal no gender differences.
E) Men become more upset at sexual infidelities and women at emotional infidelities.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
45) Judith Langlois and Lori Roggman (1990) reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures and they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that
A)
standards of beauty are similar within cultures, but not across cultures.
B)
regardless of culture or background, people often agree on what is attractive.
C)
standards of beauty differ significantly across cultures.
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D)
cultural values determine what is attractive.
E)
culture has very little impact on what is considered attractive.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
46) Extensive research and meta-analysis on cross-cultural perceptions of beauty support which of the following conclusions?
A) Individual faces of the culture are more attractive than composite faces.
B) People from disparate cultures agree on what is a physically attractive human face.
C) Japanese participants prefer a more rounded female face compared to British participants.
D) Culture has no impact on what is considered attractive.
E) People from Western cultures only can agree on what is a physically attractive human face.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
47) Perlini, Bertolissi, and Lind (1999) showed photographs of attractive and unattractive
younger and older women to college students and senior citizens. The results showed
that
A)
More positive qualities were attributed to attractive women, regardless of age, for all participants.
B)
Male participants attributed more positive attributes to attractive women than to unattractive women, but female participants did not.
C)
Female participants attributed more positive attributes to attractive women than to unattractive women, but male participants did not.
D)
More positive qualities were attributed to attractive women, regardless of age, except for senior men, who attributed more positive qualities to attractive young women than attractive older women.
E)
Attractiveness did not affect the participants’ ratings.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 255-256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
48) Actually, physical beauty confers only limited advantages. For example, Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) have found that people are most
likely to associate physical
attractiveness with
A) integrity.
B) social competence.
C) intelligence.
D) self-esteem.
E) trustworthiness
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
49) Brian does not know anything about Sally except that she is very attractive. Based on research by Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) and by Alan Feingold (1992), Brian is most
likely to make the attribution that Sally is
A) empathetic and caring.
B) empathetic and intelligent.
C) dominant and successful in her career.
D) intelligent and honest.
E) sociable and extroverted.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
50) J.T. does not know anything about Tiffany except that she is very attractive. Based on
research by Alice Eagly and her colleagues (1991) and by Alan Feingold (1992), J.T. is least
likely to make the attribution that Tiffany is
A) happy.
B) extroverted.
C) honest.
D) popular.
E) sociable.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
51) In all likelihood, there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype; that is, attractive people are
often more warm and socially skilled than less attractive people. According to the authors, this is probably because
A) attractive people are treated differently than unattractive people.
B) unattractive people are naturally more introverted than attractive people.
C) unattractive people are naturally more shy than attractive people.
D) unattractive people compensate by emphasizing their intelligence.
E) attractive people have higher self-esteem than unattractive people.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
52) Research examining cultural differences in the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype has found that
A) in both collectivist and individualistic cultures, people tend to assume that physically attractive people possess culturally-valued personality characteristics.
B) unlike individualistic cultures, people in collectivist cultures do not show evidence of physical attractiveness stereotyping.
C) people in collectivist cultures are more likely to assume that “what is beautiful is good” than people from individualistic cultures.
D) people in collectivist and individualistic cultures assume that physically attractive people possess the same personality characteristics.
E) in both collectivist and individualistic cultures, people tend to assume that physically attractive people possess higher intelligence.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
53) In cross-cultural research using American, Canadian, and Korean students, which of the following traits did all
participants associate with physical attractiveness?
A) intelligence
B) personal strength
C) integrity
D) social skills
E) concern for others
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
54) Cross-cultural research found that _______ students were likely to associate attractiveness with _______.
A) Korean; personal strength.
B) all; concern for others.
C) all; friendliness.
D) North American; intelligence.
E) North American; integrity.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
55) In research by Wheeler and Kim (1997) Koreans associated “beautiful” with integrity
and concern for others, North Americans associated “beautiful” with personal strength. These differences suggest that
A) physical beauty is more important in collectivistic cultures.
B) stereotypes are less powerful in collectivistic cultures.
C) stereotypes are more powerful in collectivistic cultures.
D) individualistic versus collectivistic values shape stereotypes about beauty.
E) physical beauty is less important in collectivistic cultures.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
56) When research (Dutton and Aron, 1974) found that men who had crossed the Capilano suspension bridge were four times more likely to phone an attractive
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researcher than men who had crossed a sturdy low bridge in the same park, this was explained as due to
A) misperception of attractiveness.
B) misattribution of arousal.
C) passionate love.
D) the mere exposure effect.
E) the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256-257
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
57) According to research on misattribution of arousal, Chad is most likely to be attracted
to
A)
Jen, who shares interests in common with him.
B)
Amelia, who is very physically attractive.
C)
Genevieve, who lives just around the corner from him.
D)
Juanita, who has a secure attachment style.
E)
Sara, whom he happened to be sitting next to on the world’s fastest rollercoaster.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 256-257
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
58) Until relatively recently, social psychologists have limited their study of interpersonal
attraction to initial encounters or first impressions. Why?
A) Long-term relationships are more difficult to study scientifically.
B) First impressions are the most important in determining relationship satisfaction.
C) First impressions tend to be the most powerful indicator of attraction.
D) It is an unethical violation of privacy to study long-term relationships.
E) Initial impressions determine what will happen over time.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 257
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
59) According to Ellen Berscheid and Elaine (Walster) Hatfield (1974), passionate
love is associated with _______, whereas companionate
love is associated with _______.
A) affection and intimacy; fulfillment and ecstasy.
B) sadness and despair; affection and longing.
C) extreme sadness and despair; elation and uncontrollable thoughts.
D) intense longing and physiological arousal; affection and intimacy.
E) affection and intimacy; sadness and despair.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 258-259
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
60) Ramona cares deeply about Raúl, but does not feel any passion for him. Raúl, on the other hand, has feelings of great longing accompanied by physical arousal whenever she’s near. In this situation, Ramona is feeling _______ love for Raúl, whereas Raúl is feeling _______ love for Ramona.
A) fatuous; companionate
B) passionate; fatuous
C) fatuous; consummate
D) consummate; companionate
E) companionate; passionate
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
61) The lyrics to a Barbra Streisand song go something like this, “You don’t bring me flowers, you don’t sing me love songs anymore.” These lyrics suggest that the relationship in question has evolved from _______ love to _______ love.
A) passionate; companionate
B) companionate; consummate
C) consummate; companionate
D) passionate; consummate
E) fatuous; hateful
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
62) When Aron and his colleagues (2005) asked participants to look at pictures of someone they were in love with while performing an MRI on them, they found that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and caudate nucleus were activated and that they were more strongly activated the more intensely participants indicated that they loved the person in the photo. These particular areas of the brain are associated with
A) the release of serotonin.
B) the release of dopamine.
C) the experience of physical arousal.
D) the onset of puberty.
E) the experience of emotional pain.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 258-260
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
63) Because of the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, people who express that they are madly in love are likely to report
A)
that they feel physically ill.
B)
that they feel confused and dizzy.
C)
that they feel euphoric and high.
D)
that they cannot think.
E)
an overwhelming sense of calm.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 258-260
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
64) According to research on how ordinary people define love,
A)
when deciding whether or not to stay in a relationship, men were more likely to consider the levels of warmth and caring than were women.
B)
for both men and women, companionate love was seen as capturing the true meaning of love to a greater extent than was passionate love.
C)
when deciding whether or not to stay in a relationship, women were more likely to consider the levels of warmth and caring than were men.
D)
men are more likely to define love in terms of passion, whereas women are more likely to define love in terms of companionship.
E)
passion has the largest impact on university students’ definitions of love, but declines in importance as people age.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 260-261
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
65) In comparing experiences and perceptions of love for men and women, _______ experience love at first sight, whereas _______ likely to be realistic.
A) women and men equally; women are more
B) women and men equally; women and men are equally
C) men more frequently; women are more
D) women more frequently; men are more
E) women and men equally; men are more
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 261
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
66) According to Karen and Kenneth Dion (1993, 1996, 2001), why is romantic love relatively important in Western individualist cultures, but less important in Asian collectivist cultures?
A) In many Asian languages, there is no word for “passion”; many Asian societies
are aschematic for romance.
B) A more pragmatic approach to love is characteristic of nonindustrialized societies.
C) People from Western cultures “sow their wild oats” when young, because they marry later in life.
D) Marriage is less important in Asian collectivist cultures.
E) Love is of concern to the individual in Western cultures, but of concern to the group in many collectivist cultures.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 261-262
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
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67) Cross-cultural research has revealed that _______ is valued more in individualistic cultures.
A) passionate love
B) social love
C) commitment
D) companionate love
E) fatuous love
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 261-262
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
68) People from Asian cultures are more likely to be concerned that _______________ than North Americans.
A) their romantic relationship does not disrupt the existing family network
B) their spouse be a virgin when they marry
C) they are exclusive with their romantic partner
D) they are adhering to strict equity norms
E) they have equal exchange in their relationships
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 261-262
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
69) According to your textbook authors, a good way to summarize cross-cultural research
on love is to say that
A) cultures differ in the language they use to describe love but are identical in their experiences of love.
B) love experiences are very different in very different cultures.
C) we all value companionate love, but it is valued more in collectivist cultures, whereas passionate love is valued more in individualist cultures.
D) there are similar concepts of love across cultures but the actual emotional experiences differ.
E) romantic love only exists in Western cultures.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 261-263
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
70) Advocates of which of the following approaches believe that men and women have different agendas in their relationships with each other?
A) equity theory
B) social attachment theory
C) triangular theory
D) social exchange theory
E) evolutionary psychology
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263-265
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
71) The basic tenet of evolutionary biology is that people are motivated to
A) maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
B) pass on their genes to the next generation.
C) ensure they survive.
D) ensure that there is equity in their relationships.
E) be responsive to their partners’ needs.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
72) According to the tenets of evolutionary theory, reproduction is more costly (in terms of time, energy, and effort) for females than it is for males. Thus, it is advantageous for males to _______ and for females to _______.
A) pursue many females; pair infrequently, and with a carefully chosen male.
B) pay attention to equity concerns; pay attention to equality concerns.
C) pair frequently with a single female; pair infrequently with a chosen male.
D) live alone; rear offspring in groups.
E) provide for one female; pair frequently with several males.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
73) According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive?
A) Resources signal relationship commitment in men.
B) Resources signal potential support from men, while attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women.
C) Reproduction is more costly to men than to women.
D) Resources signal that the male has stronger reproductive potential, while attractiveness signals nurturing in women.
E) Resources signal dominance in men, while attractiveness signals willingness in
women.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
74) David Buss and his colleagues (1989, 1996a, 1996b, 2005) surveyed adults in 37 countries and asked them what they valued in choosing a marriage partner. Men valued physical attractiveness and women valued ambition and good earning potential. This could be because
A) evolutionary pressures caused both males and females to be independent.
B) males seek females who can reproduce successfully.
C) females seek males who can reproduce successfully.
D) males seek females who have the resources to rear offspring.
E) evolutionary pressures caused female to be communal and males to be independent.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263-264
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
75) According to the evolutionary approach to love, if Jane is looking for a romantic partner who is she most likely to choose?
A) Kindly Ken
B) Nice Ned
C) Handsome Harry
D) Fit Fred
E) Wealthy Walter
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263-265
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
76) Researchers studying evolutionary approaches to love find that although men and women differ on the importance of some of the qualities they find desirable in a partner, men and women are similar in valuing certain qualities. These include
A) age similarity and commitment.
B) good earning potential and physical vitality.
C) physical attractiveness and earning potential.
D) honesty and a pleasant personality.
E) sense of humour and physical attractiveness.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 263-264
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
77) All of the following female behaviours have been found to increase with ovulation (times of peak fertility) EXCEPT
A) wearing sexier clothing.
B) finding masculine-looking features attractive.
C) being more flirtatious especially if her current partner is not a good match.
D) making phone calls to her father.
E) feeling more attractive.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
78) Some critics of the evolutionary approach to love have argued that its tenets are untestable. By this they mean that evolutionary theory
A) does not allow for random assignment.
B) ignores the role of culture.
C) is flexible enough to explain almost any finding.
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D) cannot be tested experimentally.
E) can only be used to explain things in hindsight, not to make predictions.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
79) Research by Boothroyd and colleagues found that women are better than men at recognizing those who are open to casual sex. Your text suggests that from an evolutionary perspective women will have evolved to readily recognize
A) those who are most willing to impregnate them.
B) and avoid those who would not be suitable as a long-term prospect.
C) and avoid those who might suffer from sexually transmitted diseases.
D) and avoid those who have insecure attachment styles.
E) and avoid those who have avoidant attachment styles.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 265-266
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
80) The _______ approach to interpersonal relationships addresses the kinds of bonds we
form with our caregivers early in life.
A) evolutionary
B) attachment styles
C) psychoanalytic
D) psychosocial
E) sociobiological
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
81) Which of the following relationship researchers takes a developmental perspective in trying to understand the causes of love?
A) Professor Thanatos, who studies how couples decide what is equitable
B) Professor Eros, whose work is informed by evolutionary biology
C) Professor Animus, who studies sociology
D) Professor Draco, whose work is informed by relational dialectics
E) Professor Archimedes, who studies mother-infant attachment patterns
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
82) Carolyn believes that she is worthy and well liked. According to attachment theorists,
what is the most likely reason for this?
A) Carolyn employs a secure attachment style in her relationships.
B) Carolyn has made a conscious decision to have a secure attachment style.
C) Carolyn had a secure attachment with her mother.
D) Carolyn had a secure attachment with her most recent romantic partner.
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E) Carolyn has used therapy to work through her “mother” issues.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate 83) Ellen is not concerned about Alex abandoning her and believes that she is worthy and
well liked. Alex, however, is anxious and concerned that Ellen will not reciprocate his
desire for intimacy. According to this scenario, Ellen has a(n) _______ attachment style and Alex has a(n) _______ attachment style.
A) avoidant; secure
B) anxious/ambivalent; resistant
C) secure; anxious/ambivalent
D) resistant; avoidant
E) secure; resistant
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
84) Melanie doesn’t find it easy to trust other people and says that she “doesn’t need anybody.” In all likelihood, Melanie’s _______ attachment style can be traced to a caregiver who _______.
A) anxious/ambivalent; was aloof and distant.
B) avoidant; was overbearing in her expressions of affection.
C) anxious/ambivalent; resisted Melanie’s attempts at intimacy.
D) avoidant; was aloof and distant.
E) anxious/ambivalent; was inconsistent in her affections.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
85) Brian has had many girlfriends in his life, mostly because he feels unable to comfortably commit to any one person. As soon as a relationship begins to get serious, he feels trapped and puts up barriers to his partner. His girlfriends always want him to make a bigger commitment than he is comfortable making. _______ best describes Brian’s attachment style.
A) Ambivalent attachment
B) Anxious attachment
C) Insecure attachment
D) Secure attachment
E) Avoidant attachment
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
86) “I find that others are reluctant to get as close to me as I would like them to. I often have dreams that my husband doesn’t love me like he used to and that he leaves me
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unexpectedly. I guess I have this need to lose myself in the person I love, and this sometimes scares them away.” A person who is _______ attached most likely wrote those words.
A) securely
B) avoidantly
C) completely
D) codependently
E) anxiously
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 266-267
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
87) According to research on attachment styles, which of the following does NOT accurately describe the way people deal with problems in a relationship?
A) Avoidant partners tend to use emotion-focused coping strategies.
B) Secure partners tend to use task-centred coping strategies.
C) Anxious/ambivalent partners tend to use emotion-focused strategies.
D) Avoidant partners tended to use passive strategies.
E) Secure partners tend to use the kinds of strategies that are associated with marital well-being.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 269
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
88) Betty longs for an intimate relationship, but has been hurt before and is afraid that she
will be hurt again if she lets herself trust someone. According to the text, Betty
A) has a dismissive-avoidant attachment style.
B) has a secure attachment style.
C) has a fearful-avoidant attachment style.
D) has the most common kind of attachment style.
E) has an anxious-ambivalent attachment style.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 269
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
89) Eighteen-year-old Anne has a secure attachment with her parents and friends. In her first romantic relationship she seems anxious and insecure about her relationship with her new boyfriend. What do theories on multiple attachment styles predict for Anne’s relationship?
A) As she gets comfortable in the relationship she will move to more secure attachment.
B) According to the theory this would not happen in her relationship and no predictions can be made about the future of this relationship.
C) The stress in this relationship will generalize and cause insecurity in all other current relationships.
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D) She will probably break it off as she decides that she doesn’t want to be dependent on him.
E) She will remain insecure in this relationship and this will likely carry over to all future romantic relationships.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 269-270
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
90) _______ theory posits that relationship satisfaction is determined by people’s perceptions of costs and rewards, their beliefs about what kind of relationship they deserve, and their estimated chances of a better alternative relationship.
A) Social exchange
B) Balance
C) Comparison
D) Equity
E) Communal
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
91) French essayist Francois La Rochefoucauld once defined friendship as “a scheme for the mutual exchange of personal advantages and favours.” Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the _______ theory of attraction.
A) social exchange
B) equality
C) equity
D) propinquity
E) comparison level
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
92) Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, “Love is often nothing but a favourable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market.” Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the _______ theory of attraction.
A) social exchange
B) equity
C) comparison level
D) propinquity
E) balance
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
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93) Social exchange theory posits that relationship satisfaction depends on our perceptions of the rewards and cost associated with the relationship, what kind of relationship we believe we deserve, and whether
A) we believe that a relationship with someone else would be better.
B) our partner understand the investments we have made.
C) relationship resources are distributed equitably.
D) relationship resources are distributed equally.
E) our partner makes comparable investments in the relationship.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
94) The basic concepts of social exchange theory address
A) rewards, equity, and equality.
B) rewards, costs, and equity.
C) comparison level, equity, and outcomes.
D) equality, equity, and outcomes.
E) rewards and costs, outcome, and comparison level.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
95) Cliff believes that his relationship with Kristi provides many rewards and few costs. Cliff considers himself fortunate, because he does not believe that he can get nearly as good an outcome with anyone else. Cliff can be described as having a _______ comparison level and a _______ comparison level for alternatives.
A) low; low
B) low; neither high nor low
C) high; low
D) high; high
E) low; high
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
96) Carla is involved in a romantic relationship with Jack. Her costs of the relationship are relatively low and her rewards are very high with this relationship. However, Carla has recently met Ted and she believes that he could offer her a relationship with even higher rewards than Jack. According to social exchange theory, Carla is likely to
A) try and maintain a relationship with both Jack and Ted.
B) try and maintain a relationship with both Jack and Ted, and seek an even more favourable third partner.
C) invest more in the relationship with Jack and try and forget about Ted.
D) break up with Jack, forget about Ted, and seek an even more favourable third partner.
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E) break up with Jack in favour of the relationship with Ted.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
97) Although Vanessa’s relationship with James provides relatively few rewards compared to the costs, Vanessa has come to expect that most relationships are difficult and costly. Thus, because Vanessa holds a _______, she is unlikely to abandon her relationship with James.
A) low comparison level for alternatives
B) high comparison level for alternatives
C) zero level comparison
D) high comparison level
E) low comparison level
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
98) _______ is to one’s current
partner as _______ is to a possible future
partner.
A) Comparison level for alternatives; comparison level
B) Social exchange; comparison level
C) Social exchange; equity
D) Comparison level; comparison level for alternatives
E) Equity; social exchange
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
99) According to social exchange
theory, _______ refers to people’s expectations about the rewards and punishments they deserve in a particular relationship.
A) relational outcome
B) response contingencies
C) comparison level
D) relational level
E) comparison level for alternatives
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 271
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
100) In her investment model of close relationships, what does Caryl Rusbult (1983) categorize as an investment
?
A) the total costs of leaving a relationship
B) any inputs into a relationship that would be lost if one left that relationship
C) any monetary inputs into the relationship
D) the psychological interest that accrues to people in relationships
E) the total costs put into the relationship
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Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 271-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
101) Consider the following things that a person might experience in a relationship: financial security, emotional support, and the respect of one’s friends. According to Caryl Rusbult’s (1983) investment theory of love, these things that might be lost were the relationship to end are called
A) investments.
B) comparison levels.
C) relational resources.
D) interpersonal benefits.
E) intrapersonal levels.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 271-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
102) Caryl Rusbult and other researchers (Kelley, 1983; Rusbult, 1991) suggest that in trying to predict relationship satisfaction, we need to consider not only the rewards and costs of a given relationship, but also
A) the partners’ level of investment in the relationship.
B) whether passionate or companionate love is involved.
C) the culture from which the relationship partners come.
D) the age of the partners in the relationship.
E) whether relationship partners are heterosexual, lesbian, or gay.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 271-272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
103) How would investment model researchers like Caryl Rusbult explain why battered women often return to their abusive partners?
A) These women have already put a lot into these relationships.
B) These women are probably in exchange relationships.
C) The abusive partners have battered the women’s self-esteem to the basement.
D) These women are mentally ill.
E) Their abusive partners must reward them in other ways.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 271-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
104) _______ theory holds that people are happiest in their relationships when their rewards and costs are comparable to the rewards and costs of their partners.
A) Equity
B) Distributive justice
C) Social economic
D) Equality
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E) Social exchange
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
105) Claire and Matt are involved in a romantic relationship. Matt has recently given Claire a gold bracelet. Because there was no special occasion, Claire now feels the need to reciprocate the gift. The _______ theory of relationships is most applicable in this case.
A) self-perception
B) equality
C) social exchange
D) triangular
E) equity
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272-273
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
106) In their relationship, Marc and Nora both perceive that Marc has been paying more than his fair share of costs and that Nora is receiving more than her fair share of benefits. According to equity theory,
A) both will feel comfortable with this situation, as long as Nora acknowledges that she is receiving more.
B) Marc should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but not Nora.
C) Nora should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but not Marc.
D) both should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but Marc should feel more uncomfortable than Nora.
E) neither Marc nor Nora should feel uncomfortable with the situation.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272-273
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
107) According to Elaine Walster (Hatfield) and her colleagues (1982), partners who over-benefit in a relationship and
partners who under-benefit are likely to feel dissatisfied with their relationships because the social norm of _______ is very powerful.
A) reciprocity
B) equity
C) value
D) equality
E) social responsibility
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272-273
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
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108) In their relationship, Mark is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Jenn is concerned with being responsive to Mark’s needs. Mark views the relationship as a(n) _______ relationship and Jenn views it as a(n) _______ relationship.
A) loose; interlocked
B) interlocked; loose
C) communal; interdependent
D) interdependent; communal
E) exchange; communal
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272-274
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
109) Dave has recently taken Jennifer out for a wonderful, elaborate birthday date, which involved all of Jennifer’s favorite activities and an expensive gift. However, when Dave’s birthday came a week later, Jennifer gave him some flowers and told him that she had too much work to do so they could not go out anywhere. Remembering the birthday he had given Jennifer a week earlier, Dave was very upset. Jennifer could not understand his anger and told him that she had thought that the gift he had
given her was because he loved her, not because he thought he would get a gift later.
Dave considers the relationship to be based on _______ and Jennifer considers the relationship to be _______.
A) equality; equitable.
B) equity; equal.
C) exchange; communal.
D) communal; equity.
E) communality; based on exchange principles.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272-274
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
110) Which of the following statements is true about communal versus exchange relationships? A) In communal
relationships, partners are unconcerned about issues of equity.
B) In communal
relationships, partners are more concerned about the others’ needs rather than about being paid back.
C) In communal
relationships, partners are more likely to redefine costs as rewards.
D) In communal
relationships, partners are more concerned about maintaining an individual advantage.
E) In communal
relationships, partners are more willing to distort reality in order to keep the relationship alive.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 272-274
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
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111) According to equity theory, family relationships are usually ________________, whereas acquaintanceships are typically_______________.
A) based on commitment; platonic.
B) Based on exchange; based on friendship.
C) communal; based on exchange.
D) genetic; communal.
E) based on commitment; based on friendship.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 273-274
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
112) According to Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993), which of the following types of relationships is most likely to be an exchange relationship
in which partners trade resources “in kind”?
A) a close same gender friendship
B) a romantic relationship
C) a family relationship
D) a casual relationship
E) a close opposite gender friendship
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 273
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
113) According to Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993), why is an exchange approach more common in casual relationships than in long-term relationships?
A) In long-term relationships, it’s hard to assign values to resources.
B) Equity issues become less important in long-term relationships.
C) As people age, they become more concerned with communal values.
D) Emotion plays a greater role in casual relationships.
E) In long-term relationships, it becomes difficult to keep track of all the monetary investments.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 273
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
114) Consider the following quote from Elaine Hatfield and Richard Rapson (1993): Does “dinner at an expensive restaurant on Monday balance out three nights of neglect due to a heavy work load”? In other words,
A) rigid, tit-for-tat strategies are common in long-term relationships.
B) there are strong personality differences in how people view equity.
C) long-term intimate relationships are governed by looser notions of equity.
D) to predict relationship longevity, one must consider individuals’ investments.
E) rewards and costs are relatively easy to determine when a relationship is a long-term one.
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Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 273
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
115) Which of the following is false concerning communal relationships?
A) Although repayment is not immediately required, repayment is expected within a reasonable time frame.
B) Communal relationships involve giving in response to the needs of the other person.
C) Partners do not focus on repayment.
D) Partners place little emphasis on short-term equity.
E) A chronic imbalance in the relationship over time predicts a likely end to the relationship.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 273-274
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
116) In a study conducted at McGill University, John Lydon and his colleagues found that when people were told that a very good-looking person was interested in them
A) men, but not women, became less committed to their current relationship partners.
B) women, but not men, became less committed to their current relationship partners.
C) men and women became more committed to their current relationship partners.
D) men and women became less committed to their current relationship partners.
E) men and women who were highly committed to their current relationship partners reported that they weren’t attracted to the good-looking person.
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 275
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
117) Sandra Murray and her colleagues (1996) studied heterosexual dating partners over the course of a year. Based on their findings, which of the following people were least
likely to break up over the course of that year?
A) Jim and Jody, who knew how to “fight” fairly
B) Arnold and Maria, who were comparable in self-esteem
C) Randy and Rhonda, who were both physically attractive
D) John and Melissa, who embellished one another’s virtues
E) Ted and Diane, who viewed one another accurately, faults and all
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 276-277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
118) Murray and her colleagues (1993) studied heterosexual dating partners over the course of a year. They found that when couples overlooked each others’ faults and exaggerated each others’ virtues, the couples were less likely to break up over the course of the year. The take-home message of this study is that
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A) positive illusions can lead to a more positive view of one’s partner.
B) self-esteem determines whom we will love.
C) similarity is more important than complementarity.
D) accurate partner personality assessment is the key to a long term relationship.
E) the self-fulfilling prophecy only works early in relationships.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 276-277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty:Easy
119) Research by Murray & Holmes suggests that relationships in which partners idealize
one another
A) are only beneficial in the honeymoon phase.
B) are more likely to dissolve.
C) are more likely to endure.
D) are more likely to end in conflict.
E) inevitably lead to disappointment.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
120) Murray and her colleagues (1996) studied heterosexual dating partners over the course of a year. They found that over time, when people held positive illusions about their partners, those partners actually came to see themselves in more positive ways. These findings illustrate the power of _______ to yield reciprocal love.
A) familiarity and trust
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy
C) similar levels of self-esteem
D) interdependence
E) exposure
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Difficult 121) Murray and Holmes (1999) found that people _____________ to maintain their relationships.
A)
completely ignore their partner’s faults
B)
discount the positive qualities of other potential partners
C)
develop an interest in their partner’s leisure activities D)
find ways to justify their partner’s faults
E)
emphasize the positive qualities of other potential partners
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
122) When is it NOT beneficial to view our partners in idealistic ways?
A)
It is never beneficial to view our partners in idealistic ways.
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B)
When there are serious problems in the relationship.
C)
When the relationship has lasted for more than five years.
D)
It is always beneficial to view our partners in idealistic ways.
E)
It is always beneficial for women to view their partners in idealistic ways, but men should only view their partners idealistically for the first three years of the relationship.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
123) Diane Felmlee (1995) asked 300 college students to reflect on the last relationship they had ended, to list the things that first attracted them to their former partners, and to list the things that they disliked most about their partners around the time of the break-up. If Michelle is like the 30% of Felmlee’s participants who experienced a “fatal attraction,” she will probably say,
A) “At first Patrick was so wonderfully independent, but after a while he seemed to need me too much.”
B) “At first Patrick was so outgoing, but since he has lost his job he has become a different person.”
C) “At first Patrick was so damn attractive, but after a while he just let himself go.”
D) “At first I loved how sensitive and tender Patrick was, but after a while he just got so callused and detached.”
E) “At first I loved how spontaneous Patrick was, but after a while I began to see that he was actually just undependable and irresponsible.”
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 278
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
124) Marla wants to end her friendship with Lisa. According to Baxter (1985), what strategy is Marla most likely to use?
A) She will tell Lisa, “I just don’t like you anymore.”
B) She will avoid Lisa until she gets the message.
C) She will get her other girlfriends to tell Lisa.
D) She will confront Lisa about their differences.
E) She will date Lisa’s boyfriend.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
125) Rachelle wants to break up with her long term boyfriend Jason. According to Baxter
(1985), which strategy is she most likely to use?
A) She will avoid Jason until he gets the message.
B) She will confront Jason about their differences.
C) She will get her friends to tell him.
D) She will tell him, “it’s not you, it’s me.”
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E) She will date his friend Jack.
Answer: B
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
126) Based on research by Robin Akert (1998) on relationship breakups, which of the following people is most
likely to experience such physical disorders as headaches, stomach-aches, and trouble sleeping after a break-up?
A) Mariana, who agreed with her husband that they should end their relationship
B) Frank, who dumped his wife for a younger woman
C) Yolanda, who has to care for two children since her divorce a year ago
D) Jen, who dumped her boyfriend for another man.
E) Gene, who was dumped by Linda
Answer: E
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
127) Mike has recently broken up with his girlfriend Maura. According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1998), over the next few weeks, Mike is likely to experience _______.
A) confusion.
B) elation.
C) guilt.
D) depression.
E) devastation.
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
128) According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1998), what is the single best predictor of how well ex-partners cope in the aftermath of the dissolution of their relationship?
A) whether or not they remain friends
B) the number of available alternatives
C) the length of the relationship
D) the role they played in the decision to break up
E) their self-esteem
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
129) According to research conducted by Robin Akert (1995), _______ would suffer the most after the dissolution of his or her romantic relationship.
A) someone who had never been in a relationship before
B) someone for whom the decision was mutual
C) someone who was dumped
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D) someone who tried to “stay friends”
E) someone who dumped his or her partner
Answer: C
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
130) Based on a social exchange understanding of breakups, who will be most distressed by a relationship ending?
A)
Janice, whose only option for a new relationship is Jack, a man who she does not particularly like.
B)
Mark, who was not particularly satisfied with his relationship with Jack anyway.
C)
Fiona, who has been meeting many desirable potential partners.
D)
Michelle, who knows that her ex-partner, Steve, does not have a lot of options
for starting a new relationship.
E)
Scott, who is very interested in starting a new relationship with Susan.
Answer: A
Type: MC
Page Ref: 279-280
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
131) What is the propinquity effect and what is the psychological mechanism underlying this effect?
Answer: The propinquity effect refers to the fact that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends. We are more likely to see and interact with people both when objective physical distance and function distance are low. Psychologically, we can explain the propinquity effect with reference to the idea that the more exposure we have to a stimulus (including other people), the more likely we are to like that stimulus. This is known as the mere exposure effect.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 246-249
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
132) A great deal of psychological research supports the folk wisdom that “birds of a feather flock together,” but there is little empirical support for the folk wisdom that “opposites attract.” According to social psychologists, why do we tend to find people similar to us attractive?
Answer: First, we tend to find those who hold similar attitudes and values more attractive than dissimilar others because we think that they will tend to like us. Second, they also provide us with very important validation of our own attitudes, characteristics, and beliefs. Third, we assume that interacting with a similar person will be more agreeable and rewarding, whereas, interacting with a dissimilar person might be more difficult.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 250-251
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
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133) Beauty constitutes a powerful stereotype. What characteristics are often associated with beauty? How might we actually create
some of those characteristics in attractive others?
Answer: Physical beauty is associated with judgments about social competence—the beautiful are thought to be more sociable, extraverted, and popular than the less attractive. The irony is, of course, that via the self-fulfilling prophecy, we might actually create those characteristics in attractive others. More specifically, when we treat attractive people in line with our stereotypes—treat them as warmer, smarter, more intelligent, more poised, and so on—our behaviours might actually cause them
to behave in ways that we initially expected them to behave.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 252-253
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
134) Frank tells his friend that he is madly in love with Marie and that it feels like he’s high. There is some element of truth to that because Frank’s brain
A)
is releasing the neurotransmitter serotonin.
B)
is using glucose at a faster rate.
C)
is very active in areas that experience reward and release dopamine.
D)
chemicals are completely out of balance, much like a heroin addict.
E)
is flooded with norepinephrine making him dizzy.
Answer: C
Type:MC
Page Ref: 258-260
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
135) According to Ellen Berscheid and Elaine Walster (Hatfield) (1974), how is companionate love different from passionate love?
Answer: Companionate love is characterized by feelings of intimacy and affection for another person and, although we care deeply for the other person, we don’t experience passion or arousal in his or her presence. Passionate love is characterized
by an intense longing for the other person and by physiological arousal in his or her presence. Type: ES
Page Ref: 258-259
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
136) In what sense is the concept of romantic love gender-specific?
Answer: Men fall in love more quickly than women and are more likely to endorse romantic beliefs. Men are also more likely to report having experienced love at first sight. In contrast, women are more likely to hold a more practical, friendship-based orientation to love. Both sexes value companionate kinds of love over passionate kinds of love.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 261
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
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137) In what sense is the concept of romantic love culture-specific?
Answer: Karen and Kenneth Dion (1988, 1993), using the Love Scale, have found that people in more individualistic Western cultures are more likely than those in collectivistic Eastern cultures to view romantic love as an important or even crucial basis for marriage. In Eastern cultures, people take into greater consideration the wishes of the family or other important people, and arranged marriages are not uncommon. In fact, responses from a heterogeneous sample of Canadian college students revealed that Asian respondents were more likely than European or Anglo-
Celtic respondents to endorse a companionate, friendship-based love that was not disruptive of existing family relationships.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 261-263
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
138) According to the authors, an evolutionary perspective takes “the long view—how people act today is based on behaviour patterns that evolved from our species’ hominid past.” Explain how the evolutionary concept of reproductive fitness is related to attraction and love in men and women.
Answer: Reproductive fitness is a function of the success with which an organism reproduces. Reproduction is more costly to females in terms of the cost, time, and effort, and is far less costly in males. Because the costs of reproduction for females are high, they selectively seek out mates who appear likely to possess the necessary resources to invest in the rearing of offspring. Evolutionary researchers use this idea
to explain why women are more interested than are men in such characteristics as ambition, industriousness, and good earning capacity. In contrast, because the cost of reproduction for males is low, they seek to reproduce with as many mates as possible. Of course, they do not seek out just any mate; they seek out mates who seem reproductively fit. Evolutionary researchers use this idea to explain why physical attractiveness seems more important to men.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 263-265
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
139) In what ways are early experiences with primary caregivers related to later adult relationships? Be sure to mention three different attachment styles.
Answer: Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues (1978) have found that infants with a secure attachment style have caregivers who are responsive and show positive emotions, infants with an avoidant attachment style have caregivers who are aloof and distant and discourage intimacy, and infants with an anxious/ambivalent attachment style have caregivers who are inconsistent and overbearing in their affections. In adulthood, the attachment styles experienced in early childhood predict how people typically approach romantic relationships. For example, secure attachment styles are
associated with trusting others, easily establishing intimacy, and having satisfying relationships. Avoidant attachment styles are associated with discomfort with
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intimacy, difficulty trusting others, and less satisfactory relationships. Anxious/ambivalent attachment styles are associated with obsessiveness and preoccupation with relationships, and fears that partners do not reciprocate a need for intimacy. Although we may have different attachment styles with different kinds
of relationships (e.g., romantic, friendship, family), our attachments with these people will tend to shift towards our general attachment style over time.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 266-270
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
140) Consider the following relationship scenario. Your new friend James has introduced
you to a number of wonderful interests: obscure Tarantino films, visits to museums, Thai food, and hang-gliding. Still, if it’s one thing about James that drives you crazy, it’s that he never stops talking, and will actually change his position on issues
just to bait you into an argument. If truth be told, you argue more with James than with just about anyone else you know, and you frequently end up with your feelings hurt. In fact, you find yourself wondering whether James’s roommate Sedrick wouldn’t make a better friend. He’s interesting, does fun things, and he doesn’t seem to relish arguments nearly as much as James does. Analyze this scenario from a social-exchange perspective. What are the rewards, costs, comparison level, and comparison level for alternatives? What’s likely to happen in this case?
Answer: The rewards in your relationship with James are interesting activities. The costs are James’s verbosity and his tendency to bait you, argue, and hurt your feelings. The comparison level is the difference between the rewards and costs of your relationship with James. The comparison level for alternatives is what you would expect in terms of costs and rewards from Sedrick. Given that Sedrick is also interesting, but doesn’t talk or argue as much, you will probably pursue a friendship with him instead of James.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 270-272
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate 141) What is an equitable relationship and what are some consequences of relationship inequities?
Answer: An equitable relationship is one in which the rewards one partner receives, the costs one partner incurs, and the contributions one partner makes to the relationship are comparable to the costs, rewards, and contributions of the other person in the relationship. In an inequitable relationship, both partners feel discomfort and are motivated to restore equity to the relationship. Partners who overbenefit violate the equity norm, and feel uncomfortable and may eventually even feel guilty. Partners who underbenefit are likely to feel cheated or frustrated.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 272-274
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Easy
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142) What is the role of positive illusions in the maintenance of close relationships? Define positive illusions and summarize the main relevant findings from research by
Murray, Holmes and colleagues.
Answer: Positive illusions refer to idealization of our romantic partners in order to maintain a
relationship. Research by Murray and Holmes suggests that we do this to avoid uncertainty or doubt about our relationship. Positive illusions were shown to involve
reinterpreting a partner’s faults as virtues, being unrealistically positive about the partner, and were found to be more prevalent among women than men. Further, positive illusions are effective in maintaining the relationship as they are associated with greater satisfaction and greater endurance of the relationship. Research has shown that it can be a self-fulfilling prophecy—partners who are idealized tend to change in the direction of this idealization. However, positive illusions can be counterproductive when there are serious problems in the relationship that need to be addressed.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 276-277
Skill: Recall
Difficulty: Moderate
143) You have a friend who has a confusing way of dissolving relationships with which she is dissatisfied. When she’s ready to terminate the relationship, her strategy seems to be to behave in ways that provoke her partner into breaking up with her
. Is she a selfish and manipulative coward, or might there be a less disparaging way of viewing her dissolution strategy? Keep in mind Robin Akert’s (1998) research on the dissolution of romantic relationships.
Answer: Akert (1998) found in her survey of college-age men and women that although both the partners experienced unpleasant outcomes after the relationship ended, their experiences differed, depending on their role in the break-up. By far, breakees were the most miserable, lonely, depressed, unhappy, angry, and suffering from physical symptoms. Breakers experienced far fewer negative effects. They were the least upset and the least stressed, and although they often felt guilty, they suffered from fewer physical symptoms. Perhaps your friend was working to minimize the pain and suffering experienced by her relationship partner by convincing her partner that he/she was the breaker.
Type: ES
Page Ref: 279-280
Skill: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
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