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First-Hop Redundancy NET 413 Introduction to LAN Technologies Fall 2023 Dale Buchholz dbuchholz@cdm.depaul.edu College of CDM DePaul University Oct. 23, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 1
◼ Host Routing ◼ What if there are multiple routers on my subnet? ◼ Host Routing Table ◼ ICMP Redirects ◼ First-Hop Redundancy Protocols ◼ What if default gateway fails? ◼ Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) – details ◼ Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) – summary First-Hop Redundancy Oct. 23, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 2
Host Routing Oct. 23, 2023 3 R2 R3 R4 Which is my Default Gateway? NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
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Host Routing Tables ◼ Typically, there is only 1 router connected to a Host’s subnet, which is its default gateway . ◼ But, sometimes, there may be multiple routers connected to the Host subnet. ◼ Each Host keeps a Host Routing Table that it uses to determine which router to send packets through for each IP destination. ◼ To view Host Routing Table: ◼ netstat – r ◼ route print Oct. 23, 2023 4 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
Multiple Host Interfaces ◼ A Host may have multiple network interfaces: ◼ Server may attach to multiple subnets ◼ PC could have Wi-Fi, wired Ethernet and USB ◼ Your phone has Wi-Fi, 3G/4G/5G and Bluetooth ◼ Host Routing Table specifies outgoing interface and next-hop IP for each packet based on: ◼ Which interfaces are currently up ◼ IP destination of the packet ◼ OS modifies Host Routing Table as network conditions change for best performance. Oct. 23, 2023 5 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
Presentation_ID 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Host Routing Tables IPv4 Host Routing Table
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How is Host Routing Table created? ◼ Initially, the Host Routing Table is set up automatically by the OS based on: ◼ Available interfaces ◼ Host IP address ◼ Subnet mask ◼ Default gateway ◼ Additional routes may be added to the Host Routing Table if the Default Gateway router sends back ICMP Redirect messages Oct. 23, 2023 7 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
ICMP Redirects ◼ When a router receives a packet and its routing table says this packet should be sent out the same interface it came in on: ◼ Router sends an ICMP Redirect message back to the packet’s source IP specifying the next-hop IP from its routing table. ◼ Router forwards the data packet to its destination. Oct. 23, 2023 8 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
Oct. 23, 2023 9 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech Example
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Redirect Example ◼ Router R1 (172.16.1.100) is the Default Gateway for Host H (172.16.1.1). ◼ Host H sends packet with Destination = 10.1.1.1 to router R1. ◼ Router R1’s routing table says: ◼ For destination 10.1.1.0/24, outgoing interface is e0 and Next Hop is 172.16.1.200. ◼ Router R1 sends packet out interface e0 to router R2. ◼ Since incoming interface (e0) = outgoing interface (e0), R1 also sends ICMP Redirect back to H specifying that next-hop for 10.1.1.0/24 is 172.16.1.200. ◼ Host H adds entry to its Host Routing Table for destination 10.1.1.0/24 with Next Hop = 172.16.1.200. ◼ In the future, H will send packets to 10.1.1.1 through R2, not R1. Oct. 23, 2023 10 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
Host Static Routes ◼ Redirects are inefficient and don’t always work. ◼ Administrator can avoid ICMP Redirects by adding Host Static Routes into Host Routing Tables for IP destinations that should not be routed through the default gateway. ◼ You can add static routes into Host Routing Table using the route command on Windows, MacOS or Linux. Oct. 23, 2023 11 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
Host Routing in IPv6 ◼ Hosts also have an IPv6 Host Routing table to send IPv6 packets. ◼ When IPv6 router sends Router Advertisement (RA) packet, it includes: ◼ “Preference” value (High, Medium, Low) that guides the host on whether to choose it as Default Gateway. ◼ List of IPv6 destination prefixes it should be used for. ◼ IPv6 routers can also send ICMPv6 Redirect packets to IPv6 hosts to add entries into IPv6 Host Routing Table. Oct. 23, 2023 12 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
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First-Hop Redundancy Oct. 23, 2023 13 R2 R3 R4 Default Gateway What if my Default Gateway goes down? NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech
Presentation_ID 14 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Concept of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols Default Gateway Limitations ▪ If the default gateway cannot be reached, the local device is unable to send packets off the local network segment. ▪ Even if a redundant router exists that could serve as a default gateway for that segment, there is no dynamic method by which these devices can determine the address of a new default gateway.
Presentation_ID 15 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Concept of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols Router Redundancy ▪ Multiple routers are configured to work together to present the illusion of a single router to the hosts on the LAN. ▪ The ability of a network to dynamically recover from the failure of a device acting as a default gateway is known as first-hop redundancy.
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Presentation_ID 16 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Concept of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols Steps for Router Failover
Presentation_ID 17 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Varieties of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols First-Hop Redundancy Protocols ▪ Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) ▪ HSRP for IPv6 ▪ Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol version 2 (VRRPv2) ▪ VRRPv3 ▪ Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) ▪ GLBP for IPv6 ▪ ICMP Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP)
Presentation_ID 18 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Varieties of First-Hop Redundancy Protocols First-Hop Redundancy Protocols
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Chapter 5 19 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) ▪ Cisco-proprietary gateway redundancy protocol. ▪ Participating routers talk to each other and agree on a virtual router with a virtual IP address which end systems use as a default gateway.
Chapter 5 20 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Failover ▪ When active router or links between routers fail, the standby router stops seeing hello messages from active router. Standby router then assumes role of forwarding router. ▪ Because new forwarding router assumes both IP and MAC address of virtual router, end stations see no disruption in service.
Chapter 5 21 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Operation ▪ HSRP active and standby routers send hello messages to multicast address 224.0.0.2 UDP port 1985. ▪ Hello messages used to communicate between routers within HSRP group. ▪ All routers in HSRP group need to be L2-adjacent. ▪ All routers in an HSRP group have specific roles and interact in specific ways: • Virtual router • Active router • Standby router • Other routers
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Chapter 5 22 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP MAC Address ▪ HSRP router group appears to be a single router (called the Virtual Router) to the Client. ▪ Client sees one Virtual Router IP address (10.1.10.1 in this example) ▪ Client sees one Virtual Router MAC address of 0000.0c07.acxx , where xx is the HSRP group identifier.
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Chapter 5 23 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP States State Definition Initial The beginning state. The initial state indicates that HSRP does not run. This state is entered via a configuration change or when an interface first comes up. Listen The router knows the virtual IP address, but the router is neither the active router nor the standby router. It listens for hello messages from those routers. Speak The router sends periodic hello messages and actively participates in the election of the active or standby router. A router cannot enter speak state unless the router has the virtual IP address. Standby The router is a candidate to become the next active router and sends periodic hello messages. With the exclusion of transient conditions, there is, at most, one router in the group in standby state. Active The router currently forwards packets that are sent to the group virtual MAC address. The router sends periodic hello messages. With the exclusion of transient conditions, there must be, at the most, one router in the active state in the group.
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Chapter 5 24 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP State Transition ▪ Router A starts. As it is the first router for standby Group 1 in the subnet, it transits through the listen and speak states and then becomes the active router. ▪ Router B starts after Router A. While Router B is in listen state, Router A is already assuming the standby and then the active role. As there is already an existing active router, Router B assumes the standby role.
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Chapter 5 25 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Configuring HSRP ▪ Configure HSRP on the interface. Switch(config-if)# standby group-number ip ip-address ▪ The group number is optional and indicates the HSRP group to which this interface belongs. ▪ Specifying a unique group number in the standby commands enables the creation of multiple HSRP groups. The default group is 0. ▪ The IP address is that of the virtual router IP address for the HSRP group.
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Chapter 5 26 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Configuring HSRP Priority and Preempt ▪ To set the HSRP priority value of a router, enter this command in interface configuration mode: standby group-number priority priority-value ▪ The priority value can be from 0 to 255. The default value is 100. ▪ During the election process, the router with the highest priority in an HSRP group becomes the active router. If a tie occurs, the router with the highest configured IP address becomes active. ▪ If the routers do not have preempt configured, a router that boots up significantly faster than the others in the standby group becomes the active router, regardless of the configured priority. The former active router can be configured to resume the forwarding router role by preempting a router with a lower priority. ▪ To enable a router to resume the forwarding router role, enter this command in interface configuration mode: standby [ group - number ] preempt [ delay { minimum seconds reload seconds sync seconds }]
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Chapter 5 27 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Configuration Example ▪ Routers A and B are configured with priorities of 110 and 90, respectively. The configuration of Router A is displayed. ▪ The preempt keyword ensures that Router A will be the HSRP active router as long its interface is active. RouterA(config)# interface vlan 10 RouterA(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 RouterA(config-if)# standby 10 ip 10.1.1.1 RouterA(config-if)# standby 10 priority 110 RouterA(config-if)# standby 10 preempt
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Chapter 5 28 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Interface Tracking (1) ▪ Enables priority of standby group router to be automatically adjusted based on availability of tracked interfaces. ▪ When tracked interface becomes unavailable, HSRP priority is decreased. ▪ Ensures the router with unavailable interface relinquishes active router role.
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Chapter 5 29 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Interface Tracking (2) ▪ Configure interface tracking. Switch(config-if) standby [ group-number ] track interface-type interface- number [ interface-priority ] Variable Description group-number (Optional) Indicates the group number on the interface to which the tracking applies. The default number is 0. interface-type Indicates the interface type (combined with the interface number) that will be tracked. i nterface- number Indicates the interface number (combined with the interface type) that will be tracked. interface- priority (Optional) Indicates the amount by which the hot standby priority for the router is decremented when the interface becomes disabled. The priority of the router is incremented by this amount when the interface becomes available. The default value is 10.
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Chapter 5 30 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Interface Tracking (3) To configure HSRP with interface tracking, follow these steps: ▪ Step 1. Configure the standby group. ▪ Step 2. Configure priority (default 100). ▪ Step 3. Configure preempt on all devices within the HSRP group. ▪ Step 4. Configure the tracked interfaces and decrement (default decrement 10).
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Chapter 5 31 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Interface Tracking (4) SW4(config)# interface vlan 10 SW4(config-if)# ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 SW4(config-if)# standby 10 ip 10.1.1.1 SW4(config-if)# standby 10 priority 110 SW4(config-if)# standby 10 preempt SW4(config-if)# standby 10 track fastethernet0/23 20 SW4(config-if)# standby 10 track fastethernet0/24
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Chapter 5 32 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Multiple HSRP Groups (1) ▪ HSRP allows for only one active router in the same subnet. In a typical network, engineers would want to use all available routers to load share the traffic going across the network. Multigroup HSRP enables routers to simultaneously provide redundant backup and perform load sharing across different IP subnets. ▪ In the figure, two HSRP-enabled routers participate in two separate VLANs, using 802.1Q. Running HSRP over trunks enables users to configure redundancy among multiple routers that are configured as front ends for VLAN IP subnets.
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Chapter 5 33 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Monitoring ▪ Use the show standby family of commands to verify HSRP state. Several arguments can be used. ▪ The show standby brief command displays a summary of the HSRP configurations. ▪ For each standby group, you can verify the local router neighbors. Switch# show standby brief P indicates configured to preempt. | Interface Grp Pri P State Active Standby Virtual IP Vl10 10 120 P Active local 10.1.10.3 10.1.10.1 Vl20 20 90 P Standby 10.1.20.3 local 10.1.20.1 Switch# show standby neighbor vlan10 HSRP neighbors on Vlan10 10.1.10.3 Active groups: 10 No standby groups
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Chapter 5 34 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public HSRP Monitoring ▪ The IP address and corresponding MAC address of the virtual router are maintained in the ARP table of each router in an HSRP group. ▪ The command show ip arp displays the ARP cache on a multilayer switch.
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Chapter 5 35 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) HSRP VRRP HSRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol, created in 1994, and formalized with the RFC 2281 in March 1998. VRRP is an IETF standard (RFC 2338 in 1998; then RFC 3768 in 2005) for router redundancy. 16 groups max. 255 groups max. 1 active, 1 standby, several candidates. 1 active, several backups. Virtual IP is different from Active and Standby real IP addresses. Virtual IP can be the same as one of the group members real IP address. Uses 224.0.0.2 for hello packets. Uses 224.0.0.18 for hello packets. Default timers: hello 3 s, holdtime 10 s. The default timers are shorter in VRRP than HSRP. This often gave VRRP the reputation of being faster than HSRP. Can track interfaces or objects. Can track only objects. Uses authentication within each group by default. When authentication is not configured, a default authentication, using “cisco” as the password. Supports plaintext and HMAC/MD5 authentication methods (RFC 2338). The new VRRP RFC (RFC 3768) removes support for these methods. The consequence is that VRRP does not support authentication anymore. Nevertheless, current Cisco IOS still supports the RFC 2338 authentications mechanisms.
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Chapter 5 36 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public VRRP Features ▪ Group of routers is configured to be in a VRRP group. • One is Master; others are Backup. ▪ Master is elected based same as HSRP. • Master usually given highest priority to force the choice. ▪ The Master forwards all packets. ▪ Virtual IP address configured into all VRRP routers. • Master router IP address of the interface (physical address) on the subnet can be used as virtual IP address. ▪ The Backup members of the VRRP group monitor the Master and take over forwarding packets if the Master fails using the virtual IP address. • MAC address of group is 0000.5e00:01XX where XX is group number ▪ When the Master recovers, it will take back the duties of forwarding packets (preempt is on by default).
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Chapter 5 37 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) HSRP GLBP Cisco Proprietary, 1994 Cisco Proprietary, 2005 16 groups max. 1024 groups max. 1 active, 1 standby, several candidates. 1 AVG, several AVF, AVG load balances traffic among AVF and AVGs Virtual IP is different from Active and Standby real IP addresses. Virtual IP is different from AVG and AVF real IP addresses 1 Virtual MAC address for each group 1 Virtual MAC address per AVF/AVG in each group Uses 224.0.0.2 for hello packets. Uses 224.0.0.102 for hello packets. Default timers: hello 3 s, holdtime 10 s. The default timers are shorter in VRRP than HSRP. This often gave VRRP the reputation of being faster than HSRP. Can track interfaces or objects. Can track only objects. Default timers: hello 3 s, holdtime 10 s Default timers: hello 3 s, holdtime 10 s Authentication supported Authentication supported
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Chapter 5 38 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public GLBP Features ▪ Virtual IP address for default gateway (same as HSRP). ▪ AVG (Active Virtual Gateway) • Elected using priority/IP address (same as HSRP) • Assigns virtual MAC addresses to each of the members of the GLBP group. • Responds to ARP requests for MAC address from devices in subnet. • Selects which AVF will the handle the traffic from pool of AVFs. ▪ AVF (Active Virtual Forwarder) • Always active and forwarding packets directed to it using virtual MAC address. ▪ If the AVG fails, then one of the AVFs is elected AVG. ▪ Protocol between routers is used to monitor current state (heartbeat) and assign virtual MAC addresses.
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Chapter 5 39 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public GLBP Features ▪ Load sharing: You can configure GLBP in such a way that multiple routers can share traffic from LAN clients, thereby sharing the traffic load more equitably among available routers. ▪ Multiple virtual routers: GLBP supports up to 1024 virtual routers (GLBP groups) on each physical interface of a router and up to four virtual forwarders per group. ▪ Preemption: The redundancy scheme of GLBP enables you to preempt an AVG with a higher priority backup virtual gateway that has become available. Forwarder preemption works in a similar way, except that forwarder preemption uses weighting instead of priority and is enabled by default. ▪ Efficient resource utilization: GLBP makes it possible for any router in a group to serve as a backup, which eliminates the need for a dedicated backup router because all available routers can support network traffic.
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