8Routing

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Routing and Static Routes NET 413 Introduction to LAN Technologies Fall 2023 Dale Buchholz dbuchholz@cdm.depaul.edu College of CDM DePaul University Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 1
◼ Router forwarding ◼ Cisco route table structure ◼ Static routes ◼ Dynamic Routing Protocols (in NET 463) ◼ Default routes ◼ Floating static routes ◼ Serial Links: HDLC / PPP Topics Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 2
How a PC sends an IP Packet • PC must first determine whether the Destination IP is on the same subnet as the sending PC or on a different subnet – If destination is on the same subnet , then PC adds an Ethernet header with Destination PC’s MAC address in the Ethernet Destination field. – If destination is on a different IP subnet , then PC adds an Ethernet header with the MAC address of the default gateway in the Ethernet Destination field. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 3
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Router Forwarding ◼ For each arriving packet, the router will: ◼ Remove the MAC header from arriving packet ◼ Look up the Destination IP address in the Routing Table to determine (a) Outgoing Interface (b) Next Hop IP address (if present) ◼ Create a new MAC header of the appropriate type for the outgoing Interface (Ethernet, serial). ◼ If there is a Next Hop IP address (indirect) then i f Ethernet interface, look in ARP table to find MAC address corresponding to Next Hop IP address and put it into Destination field of the new MAC header. ◼ If there is no Next Hop value (direct) then look in ARP table to find MAC address corresponding to Dest IP in packet and put that into Destination field of the new MAC header. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 4
Presentation_ID 5 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Path Determination Routing Decisions
Example: different subnet • For packet going from Room 201 PC to Room 301 PC, • Room 201 PC sends packet with Ethernet header: • Source = 00:10:33:56:02:b3:33, Dest = 00:10:22:01:02:33 (router) • Ethernet switch in left subnet delivers to router interface E0 • Router removes MAC header, sends new packet out E1 with Eth MAC header: • Source = 00:10:22:01:4a:de, Dest = Room 301 PC MAC address • Ethernet switch in right subnet delivers to PC in room 301. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 6
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Routing Table for Corporate Router in Example IP Subnet Interface Next Hop 140.192.15.0 / 24 E0 -- 140.192.16.0 / 24 E1 -- 0.0.0.0 / 0 S0 210.1.33.43 Note: “0.0.0.0/0” is the notation for the default route. If the IP destination address in an arriving packet does not match any other entries in the routing table, then this route will be taken. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 7
Longest Prefix Matching ◼ Router will send each unicast packet out a single interface . ◼ If the destination IP address in an arriving packet matches more than one routing table entry , then the router chooses the route with longest prefix length (i.e., highest ‘/n’ value). ◼ That is, it chooses the most specific route. ◼ Example: Routing table contains entries for 150.16.0.0/16 and also 150.16.12.0/24. Packet arrives with dest IP 150.16.12.33 – it will use the /24 route, not the /16 route. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 8
Example: to Google • For packet going from Room 201 PC to www.google.com (72.14.204.99) • Room 201 PC sends packet with • IP Header: Source = 140.192.15.10, Dest = 72.14.204.99 • Eth Header: Source = 00:10:33:56:02:b3:33, Dest = 00:10:22:01:02:33 (router) • Corp. Router receives packet, resends packet out S0 with PPP header: • PPP Header has no MAC source or destination addresses in it • ISP Router receives pkt, looks up 72.14.204.99 in its Routing Table, and forwards packet onto the next link towards this destination. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 9
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10 Cisco Routing Table • IOS Command: show ip route IP Subnet [ Admin Distance / Metric ] Next Hop Outgoing Interface Code (how route was learned) Time since last route update received Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 10
11 Route Source Codes • Single-letter Code identifies the source of the route: – S – static route – C – connected network – R – RIP Protocol – O – OSPF Protocol – D – EIGRP Protocol – B – BGP Protocol Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 11
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 12 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Table Structure ▪ Routing Table is stored in RAM and contains information about: ▪ Directly Connected Networks - a network that is connected to an interface on the router ▪ Remote Networks - a network that is connected to another router ▪ Detailed information about the networks include source of information, network address & subnet mask, outgoing interface and IP address of next-hop router ▪ show ip route command is used to view a routing table
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 13 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ▪ A directly connected network is added to the routing table when you activate an IP address on a router interface -Each router interface is a member of a different network ▪ Activated using the no shutdown command ▪ There is no Next Hop IP in the routing table for Connected Networks
Remote Networks ◼ Remote Network entries in routing table are IP subnets that are not directly connected to this router. ◼ Remote Network entries always include Next-Hop IP address for next router towards destination ◼ Remote Network entries added to routing table by either: ◼ Static routes – the administrator manually adds a Remote Network entry to routing table ◼ Dynamic Routing Protocols – routers exchange routing protocol packets (i.e. RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP) to dynamically update remote network entries. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 14
Chapter 1 15 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Table Structure ▪ Cisco displays routing table entries hierarchically under classful network entries called “parent routes”. ▪ If all subnets are same size, then routing table displays common prefix length (/24) with parent route.
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Chapter 1 16 © 2007 – 2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Table Structure ▪ If subnets are different sizes (VLSM), then routing table displays default classful prefix length on parent route plus “variably subnetted ”, then displays prefix length on each child route.
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 17 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Dynamic Routing Protocols ▪ The purpose of a dynamic routing protocol is to: - Discover remote networks - Maintain up-to-date routing information - Choose the best path to destination networks based on some path metric (least cost routing). - Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 18 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Protocols Metrics ▪ Metric A value used by a routing protocol to determine which routes are better than others.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 19 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Protocols Metrics ▪ Metrics used in IP routing protocols -Bandwidth -Cost -Delay -Hop count -Load -Reliability
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 20 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Administrative Distance of a Route ▪ Purpose of a metric It’s a value calculated by a routing protocol that is used to determine the best path to a destination ▪ Purpose of A dministrative D istance It’s a numeric value assigned by an administrator that specifies the preference of a particular route or routing protocol
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 21 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Administrative Distance of a Route ▪ Identifying the A dministrative D istance (AD) in a routing table It is the first number in the brackets in the routing table
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 22 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Admin Distance of Routing Protocol ▪ AD values of Dynamic Routing Protocols
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 23 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Dynamic Routing Protocols ▪ Components of a routing protocol Algorithm Used for collecting/processing routing information and best path determination Routing protocol messages These are messages for discovering neighbors and exchange of routing information
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Types of Routing Protocols ◼ Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) ◼ Routers within the same Autonomous System or customer site exchange routing information about subnets within that AS or site (called the routing domain ). ◼ Objective: synchronize routing tables so that all routers contain correct routes to all subnets in AS. ◼ Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) ◼ Border routers in different ASes exchange routing information with each other. ◼ Objective: Gain information about how to reach subnets in other Autonomous Systems. Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 24
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 25 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Classifying Routing Protocols ▪ Types of routing protocols : - Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) - Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
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26 Route Selection • If there are multiple possible routes to the same destination IP Subnet, then: – If routes have different AD values, then only the smallest AD route is put in routing table. – Otherwise, if routes have different Metric values, then only the smallest Metric route is put in routing table. – Otherwise, if routes have equal AD and equal Metric values, then all routes are put in routing table (packets forwarded via Load Balancing). Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 26
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Presentation_ID 27 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Path Determination Load Balancing When a router has two or more paths to a destination with equal cost metrics , then the router forwards the packets using both paths equally: • All equal-cost routing entries appear in routing table. • Equal cost load balancing can improve network performance. • Equal cost load balancing can be configured to use both dynamic routing protocols and static routes.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 28 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Protocols Metrics ▪ Load balancing Routers will distribute packets equally among multiple equal-cost paths
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 29 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Routes ▪ Static routes are manually added to routing table using “ ip route” command. ▪ Static routes in the routing table - Includes: network address, subnet mask, IP address of next hop router or exit interface. - Administrative distance of static route is 1 by default, but can be changed by administrator - Denoted with the code S in the routing table ▪ When to use static routes - When network only consists of a few routers - Network is connected to internet only through one ISP - Hub & spoke topology is used on a large network
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 30 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Routing Why Use Static Routing? Static routing provides some advantages over dynamic routing, including: ▪ Static routes are not advertised over the network, resulting in better security. ▪ Static routes use less bandwidth than dynamic routing protocols, no CPU cycles are used to calculate and communicate routes. ▪ The path a static route uses to send data is known.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 31 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Routing Why Use Static Routing? (cont.) Static routing has the following disadvantages: ▪ Initial configuration and maintenance is time- consuming. ▪ Configuration is error-prone, especially in large networks. ▪ Administrator intervention is required to maintain changing route information. ▪ Does not scale well with growing networks; maintenance becomes cumbersome. ▪ Requires complete knowledge of the whole network for proper implementation.
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32 Adding a Static Route • To add a static route to your routing table, • Use the ip route IOS command • You must specify the destination Subnet ID – both network address and subnet mask. • You must specify the next-hop address or exit interface • Example: to add a route to destination subnet 192.168.1.0/24 where the IP address of the next-hop router is 10.5.6.9: • ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.5.6.9 • To delete a static route, repeat command with no in front: • no ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.5.6.9 Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 32
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 33 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Routing Table Structure ▪ Connected and Static routes
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 34 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Route command – 2 options ▪ Router(config)# ip route network-address subnet-mask {ip-address | exit-interface } {admin-dist} • After subnet-mask can be either • Next-Hop ip-address - the IP address of next-hop router interface that is on the same subnet as this router. • Exit Interface – interface identifier (like “Se0/0”) to send packet out. • Note: the “Exit Interface” option can only be used if the outgoing interface is a Serial Interface (point-to-point). If the outgoing interface is Ethernet , then you must use Next-Hop IP address option. • Optionally, an Administrative Distance can be specified at the end of the static route command. If this is not specified, the default administrative distance for static routes is 1.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 35 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces ▪ Configuring routes ▪ The following two commands are identical for R1: -R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 -R1(config)#ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 S0/0/0 R1
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 36 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Routes ▪ Resolving to an Exit Interface - Recursive route lookup - Occurs when the router has to perform multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet. Static routes with Next-Hop IPs are one example of this: ▪ The router first does routing table lookup for the static route (based on destination address) and determines Next hop address ▪ The router then does a second routing table lookup for Next hop address to determine the exit interface
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 37 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Static Routes ▪ Efficiency - Static route with an Exit Interface - Static routes configured with an exit interface are traditionally more efficient because the routing table can resolve the exit interface in a single search instead of 2 searches. - However, for modern routers using a feature called Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), there is no efficiency difference, because CEF pre-computes the exit interface and layer 2 next-hop address for all routes in the routing table and stores this into a CEF Table.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 38 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Default Static Routes ▪ Default Route ▪ This is a route that will match all packets . Stub routers that have a number of static routes all exiting the same interface are good candidates for a default route. - Like route summarization this will help reduce the size of the routing table ▪ Configuring a default static route ▪ Similar to configuring a static route. Except that destination IP address and subnet mask are all zeros ▪ Example: -Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [exit-interface | ip- address ]
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 39 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Default Route ▪ Default static routes and subnet masks Since the subnet mask used on a default static route is 0.0.0.0 (least specific mask – no bits must match any specific value) all packets will match . The routing table lookup process will always use the most specific match (also called longest prefix matching ) when comparing destination IP address and subnet mask. Any other route that matches will be preferred over a default static route. It is only used if no other routes in the routing table match the destination IP address of a packet.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 40 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Packet Forwarding Example ▪ Packet forwarding with static routes. ▪ Router 1 Packet arrives on R1’s Fa0/0 interface R1 does not have a route to the destination network 192.168.2.0/24 R1 uses the default static route.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 41 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Packet Forwarding Example ▪ Router 2 The packet arrives on the Serial 0/0/0 interface on R2. R2 has a static route to 192.168.2.0/24 out Serial0/0/1.
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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 42 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Packet Forwarding Example ▪ Router 3 The packet arrives on the Serial0/0/1 interface to R3. R3 has a connected route to 192.168.2.0/24 out Fa0/0.
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Static Route Example Connecting Customer Site to ISP Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 43
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Presentation_ID 44 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Floating Static Routes Floating Static Routes Floating static routes are static routes that have an administrative distance greater than the administrative distance of another static route or dynamic routes: ▪ The administrative distance of a static route can be increased to make the route less desirable than that of another static route or a route learned through a dynamic routing protocol. ▪ In this way, the static route “floats” and is not used when the route with the better administrative distance is active. ▪ However, if the preferred route is lost, the floating static route can take over, and traffic can be sent through this alternate route.
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45 Creating a Floating Static Route • You can add an Administrative Distance value to the end of the ip route command. This creates a static route with the given AD value (otherwise, default is that AD is 1). • If you define multiple static routes to the same destination with different ADs , then only the lowest-AD route will be in the routing table. • The higher-AD route is a backup in case the lower-AD route fails. • Example: command to add a static route to destination 192.168.1.0/24 with next-hop IP 10.5.6.9 and Administrative Distance of 5: • ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.5.6.9 5 Oct. 29, 2023 NET 413 Intro to LAN Tech 45
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Presentation_ID 46 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Floating Static Routes Configure a Floating Static Route
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Presentation_ID 47 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Floating Static Routes Test the Floating Static Route To test a floating static route: ▪ Use a show ip route command to verify the active static route in the routing table. ▪ Use show running-configuration command to view all static routes that have been defined. ▪ Use a traceroute command to follow the traffic flow out the primary route. ▪ Disconnect the primary link or shutdown the primary exit interface. ▪ Use a show ip route command to verify that the routing table now contains the floating static route. ▪ Use a traceroute command to follow the traffic flow out the backup route.
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Presentation_ID 48 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure IPv6 Static Routes The ipv6 route Command Most of parameters are identical to the IPv4 version of the command. IPv6 static routes can also be implemented as: ▪ Standard IPv6 static route ▪ Default IPv6 static route ▪ Summary IPv6 static route ▪ Floating IPv6 static route
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Presentation_ID 49 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure IPv6 Static Routes Next-Hop Options The next hop can be identified by an IPv6 address, exit interface, or both. How the destination is specified creates one of three route types: ▪ Next-hop IPv6 route - Only the next-hop IPv6 address is specified. ▪ Directly connected static IPv6 route - Only the router exit interface is specified. ▪ Fully specified static IPv6 route - The next-hop IPv6 address and exit interface are specified.
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Presentation_ID 50 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure IPv6 Static Routes Configure a Next-Hop Static IPv6 Route
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Presentation_ID 51 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure IPv6 Static Routes Configure Exit Interface Static IPv6 Route
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Presentation_ID 52 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure IPv6 Static Routes Configure Fully Specified Static IPv6 Route
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Presentation_ID 53 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure IPv6 Default Routes Configure a Default Static IPv6 Route
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Presentation_ID 54 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Floating Static Routes Configure IPv4 and IPv6 Floating Static Routes The commands to configure default and floating IP default routes are as follows: The show ip route and show ipv6 route output verifies that the default routes to R2 are installed in the routing table. Note that the IPv4 floating static route to R3 is not present in the routing table. R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2 R1(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.10.10.2 5 R1(config)# ipv6 route ::/0 2001:db8:acad:2::2 R1(config)# ipv6 route ::/0 2001:db8:feed:10::2 5
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Presentation_ID 55 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential • What would happen if R2 failed? To simulate this, R2 shuts down both of its serial interfaces. • R1 automatically generates syslog messages for the link going down. • A look at R1’s routing table would show the secondary route being used. Configure Floating Static Routes Test the Floating Static Routes
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Presentation_ID 56 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Static Host Routes Host Routes A host route is an IPv4 address with a 32-bit mask, or an IPv6 address with a 128-bit mask. The following shows the three ways a host route can be added to the routing table: • Automatically installed when an IP address is configured on the router • Configured as a static host route • Host route automatically obtained through other methods (discussed in later courses)
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Presentation_ID 57 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Static Host Routes Automatically Installed Host Routes • Cisco IOS automatically installs a host route, also known as a local host route, when an interface address is configured on the router. A host route allows for a more efficient process for packets that are directed to the router itself, rather than for packet forwarding. • This is in addition to the connected route, designated with a C in the routing table for the network address of the interface. • The local routes are marked with L in the output of the routing table.
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Presentation_ID 58 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Static Host Routes Static Host Routes A host route can be a manually configured static route to direct traffic to a specific destination device, such as the server shown in the figure. The static route uses a destination IP address and a 255.255.255.255 (/32) mask for IPv4 host routes, and a /128 prefix length for IPv6 host routes.
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Presentation_ID 59 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Static Host Routes Configure Static Host Routes The example shows the IPv4 and IPv6 static host route configuration on the Branch router to access the server. Branch(config)# ip route 209.165.200.238 255.255.255.255 198.51.100.2 Branch(config)# ipv6 route 2001:db8:acad:2::238/128 2001:db8:acad:1::2 Branch(config)# exit Branch#
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Presentation_ID 60 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Configure Static Host Routes Verify Static Host Routes A review of both the IPv4 and IPv6 route tables verifies that the routes are active.
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