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IS 350 Final Identification section: Name: Thanh Mai, section 101. Section 1: Statement: We are currently living in a very modernized age where we have the technology to do all the work for us, including those we thought would be impossible to accomplish in the past. This is thanks to the development that has been developed both before and after the beginning of the modern era. Among them is a technique called deep fake, a very controversial topic that leaves many questions. With the technology of deep fake, we can technically employ the face movement of one person to that of another, even when the person who is applied with Deep Fake technically never did the thing before. In order to do this, all we need is a video and an image of the person that we need to apply Deep Fakes with. A perfect example for the use of Deep Fakes is the trend of “Dame Dane”, where not only people but also objects are applied this technique on to sing a specific part of the song called “Bakamitai”, making a hilarious trends to watch on many social media platforms. Furthermore, we have seen many usages of Deep Fake in other movies to make the characters younger, such as the case of Darth Vader and Luke Skywalker in the new Star Wars series. While the trend of “Dame Dane” is dying starting from long ago, many political figures still use the technique of Deep Fakes to serve their own political propaganda, and with the recent discover of Deep Fakes, many are using them to their own benefits, whether it is for their own entertainment or for their individual benefits. There was no recorded usage of this technique before the Covid era, as there was not any developed enough technical to employ this technique

in practical usage. Therefore, the usage of Deep Fakes, and any public opinion regarding its usage, is an event that is pretty recent to our current time. To further understand the usage of Deep Fakes, we will proceed to take the following scenario into consideration: The head of a film studio has been told that the lead actor on their next blockbuster has fallen ill and cannot finish the film. They can use Depp Fakes to finish the actor’s part but if people find out they might not see the film .” In this scenario, the Studio head is facing a dilemma: whether they have to let Deep Fakes be known to the public, or to finish the film without telling at all. The event of Deep Fake is deeply related to our Computer field because one of the most important aspects for the technology of Deep Fake is the use of computer, which allows us to utilize the technique that includes lines of code, cropping of image, and the edit of videos. Therefore, if we are to be able to further understand about this scenario, we will be able to understand more about the usage of Deep Fake, as well as what we should do in our Computer field. By thoroughly analyzing the scenario given, we can know that there may be some ethical issues that will arise in this scenario. One of them is the misusage of Deep Fake, making the credits go away from the actors/actresses and their hard work. Therefore, if used incorrectly, there will be many reasons why the usage of Deep Fake can go wrong, either in this scenario or any other. Section 2: Analysis Section: 2.a: Moral agent:

As per the definition, a moral agent is someone who knows what they are doing is either right or wrong, as well as being directly related to the event, if not someone who is completely responsible for it. As such they are able to be held responsible for their actions, and they are to be held responsible and accountable for their actions and decisions. Based on the definition stated above, the moral agent in this case is the Head of the film studio themselves, as they are the one who has to make the choice about whether or not they should use Deep Fake for their own target and goals in the end. Therefore, the consequences that might happen depending on their decisions will be theirs to bear. 2.b: The value at stake: According to the definition of the stakeholder map, the circumstance and outcome regarding a particular event might catch the interest of an individual, a group, or an organization, and said interest is called a stake. Therefore, the stake has a direct relationship with the consequences of the decision of the stakeholder. Therefore, as we are discussing whether or not the head of the film studio will use Deep Fake for their movie, the value of stake is their final decision and the consequence of what might happen if they decide to Deep Fake to finish their movie on time once their lead actor/actress falls ill yet they still want to make the movie on time. 2.c: The stakeholders: As the stake is the interest that someone has about a certain outcome or circumstance, the stakeholder is simply the person that shows interest in the possible outcomes and circumstances that happen in a spectacular situation. Therefore, as someone who wishes to consider carefully how their action will potentially affect the movie, the head of the film studio is one of the stake

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holder. In addition, as we are trying to analyze the course of their actions, their consequences, and some potential issues that might arise, we are also part of the stakeholders ourselves. 2.d: Course of actions: A possible course of action is to apply to technique of Deep Fake in the movie for the scenes that the lead actor/actress cannot attend themselves. As the actor/actresses will only be unavailable during their sick days, the rest of the movie which has been filmed thoroughly in the other days has been decided and gotten fixated on. That way, they can both save their time trying to edit the other scenes, at the same time accomplishing their deadline. Another course of action, which is unrelated to this scenario, is to limit the usage of Deep Fake in society. That way, the unrelenting questions to Deep Fake will be stopped, and then the problem of Deep Fake being a concern to others will no longer be a problem. In addition, the limit of Deep Fake will also limit the wrongdoings of Deep Fake such as abusing it for propagandas, editing video images in a wrong way, etc. which will lead to the reduction of potential crimes that might occur due to Deep Fake. 2.e: Consequence of the actions: Certainly, with each course of action that was suggested, there were consequences that also came along with it. Therefore, to further understand a course of action, there should be a thorough analysis to it. If the head of the film studio decides to use Deep Fake as the method to complete the deadline while the lead actor/actress is ill, the movie would be able to be finished in time. In addition, by implementing the usage of Deep Fake, the staffs of the film studio will be able to get their hand on Deep Fake technology, which will help them get better for future projects.

However, since the public opinion is still conflicted about Deep Fake, mostly on the negative note, the movie might not be able to be taken well by the viewer, and the resulting sales might be worse than how the head of the film studio has imagined. The limitation of Deep Fake can result in the reduction of civil unrest about the issues of Deep Fake, which will also affect the aforementioned head studio about their decisions on using Deep Fake. As stated earlier, the limitation of Deep Fake will also result in the reduction of the usage for Deep Fake for any potential wrongdoings. However, this course of action will also make us halt in our track to development. Deep Fake is one of the breakthroughs of ours in recent years, and by limiting it, we will not be able to study more about how to use it or develop it further to make it evolve into any better techniques. 2.f: Ethical theories: To analyze the action of using Deep Fake in Kantianism, it is likely that this theory would not follow the idea of Kantianism. According to Kantianism, the means/methods to accomplish something are more important than the end result. Therefore, based on this scenario, by applying Deep Fake in the movie, the head of the film studio can be seen as somewhat “tricking” the people into thinking that this movie is made properly while in reality, the actor is not present due to their own illness. However, if the scale of the usage of Deep Fake is not going too far, this course of action will not really break the rule of Kantianism. In contrast to Kantianism, the usage of Deep Fake in the movie for it to be completed to deadline appeals to Act Utilitarianism, due to the fact that Act Utilitarianism focuses on how a person work can change the outcome of interest in the society, in this case, the film studio. As they want to finish the movie within the deadline while not forcing the actor/actress to overdo

their limits while they are ill, the head of the film studio is aiming for the best outcome that benefits the film studio as well as the actors/actresses, which Act Utilitarianism justifies. In between the two ethical theories is Rule Utilitarianism, as it focuses on the types of actions and its effects, rather than just methods or consequences. Therefore, while it is clear that the film of the head studio is having a good purpose of using Deep Fake, the results of public opinion should also be considered in order for Rule Utilitarianism to justify this course of action. While many disagree and have content about the usage of Deep Fake, there are also many people who seem to be content with its appearances in movies and social media. As such, it is uncertain whether or not this course of action is justified by Rule Utilitarianism thus far. If we are to predict, since the recent release of young Luke Skywalker in the recent Star Wars franchise called The Mandalorian was taken well by the viewers and audience, many of viewers will think of the presence of Deep Fake in this movie as acceptable; therefore, it is likely that this course of action is justified by Rule Utilitarianism. According to the Social Contract Theory, all of us are advised to follow a set of rules that are applied to the community and live according to it, much like the law system that we are currently having in almost all nations in the world. Whether or not the use of Deep Fake is justified in this scenario is dependent on how the head of the film studio decides to apply Deep Fake. If they are going to use it for the parts that the actor/actress cannot physically be present, then there is no law that forbids them from doing that. As such, the course of action that was suggested earlier is justified by the Social Contract Theory. By definition, Aristotle’s Virtue Theory states that a virtuous person is someone who would live true to what a virtuous person would live, which counts every action and ideology that they have. If we are to think about this case, the head of the film studio is trying to apply

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Deep Fake in order to avoid making the lead actor/actress overwork themselves, while still getting the deadline at the same time, which might determine the business of the entire film studio as the movie they are making is a blockbuster. Therefore, by definition and motive, this course of action is justified by Aristotle’s Social Contract of Theory. If we are to take into consideration any interior motives that the head of the film studio might have, then whether or not the course of action is justified by Aristotle’s Virtue Theory will be dependent on said motive. 2.g: Code of Ethics: To analyze about the Code of Ethics for this scenario, we need to consider two principle codes of ethics: the ACM Code of Ethics and the Software Engineering Code of Ethics. There are some clauses and sections in the ACM Code of Ethics that are directly related to this scenario. One of them is clause 1.1, titled “ Contribute to society and to human well-being, acknowledging that all people are stakeholders in computing”. If we are to think about how all the viewers are stakeholders and how the head of the film studio takes into account about what viewers will react to this course of action, which is what the head of the film studio tries to accomplish as well as possible, though sometimes result can be different from what is expected. Another clause of the codes of ethics “Be honest and trustworthy”, which is clause 1.3, is also related to this scenario since the usage of Deep Fake nowadays is considered to be somewhat of a lie to many viewers. However, how far it is to be of a lie or truth depends on how far the head of the film studio decides to use Deep Fake for. Another clause “Strive to achieve high quality in both the processes and products of professional work”, which is clause 2.1, is also related to the scenario depending on the way they use Deep Fake. To complete the blockbuster within the deadline is also related to showing this professionalism, but the quality of the movie after the

usage Deep Fake remains in order to determine whether or not this course of action will violate the clause or not. One of the clauses in the Software Engineering Code of Ethics that is related to this scenario is clause 1.06 – “ Be fair and avoid deception in all statements, particularly public ones, concerning software or related documents, methods and tools. ”. As mentioned above, the public still finds the usage of Deep Fake questionable, so implementing Deep Fake on the movie would somewhat prove the movie not to “act consistently with the public interest”. However, there are times when Deep Fake is applied in many movies, and often in those times, those movies are received with praises and positive criticizations. Therefore, while this method still raises a question, it is still acceptable to apply Deep Fake in this case. Another clause, clause 2.1 – “ Provide service in their areas of competence, being honest and forthright about any limitations of their experience and education.” is also related to the scenario given above. As we can see, Deep Fake method is the last resort of the film studio, so clearly they are inexperienced in any of its use. As such, by being “honest and forthright about” their own inexperience, they would be justified by this clause, even when their movie might turn out more disappointing than expected. Another clause, clause 3.07 – “ Strive to fully understand the specifications for software on which they work.” is related to this scenario as well. Because of their own inexperience, the film studio will have to work on understanding and developing their Deep Fake skills for the movie they make, not only for their own products but also for following the code of ethics that they should follow for any ethical success.

After looking through the Codes of Ethics and the Ethical theories, the concrete course of action is to apply Deep Fake for the scenes that the lead actor/actress cannot physically present while learning more about Deep Fake and being honest about the usage. That way, the head of the film studio will be able to achieve their work on the deadline, which follows one of the Codes of Ethics, while maintaining his own ethical work and the fairness of the actors/actresses as well as the staffs of the film studio.

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Bibliography and Citations: “3 Theories of Truth.” Truth , www.reasoninglab.com/rationale2.0/ib/exercises/tok/truth.htm. Accessed 29 Oct. 2023. Editorial, LBB. “What’s the Law on Deepfake Celebs in Ads and Entertainment?” LBBOnline , Little Black Book, 24 Jan. 2023, www.lbbonline.com/news/whats-the-law-on-deepfake- celebs-in-ads-and-entertainment#:~:text=He%20says%2C%20“A%20person %20could,protected%20by%20intellectual%20property%20rights. Masca, Mehmet Emin. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Deepfake Technology.” Medium , Geek Culture, 3 Dec. 2021, medium.com/geekculture/advantages-and-disadvantages-of- deepfake-technology-ccfa7c12b1ae. Greggwirth. “Practice Innovations: Seeing Is No Longer Believing - the Rise of Deepfakes.” Thomson Reuters Institute , 18 July 2023, www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/technology/practice-innovations-deepfakes/ #:~:text=However%2C%20deepfake%20technology%20has%20the,realistic %20simulations%20for%20training%20purposes. Giardina, Carolyn. “How ‘furious 7’ Brought the Late Paul Walker Back to Life.” The Hollywood Reporter , The Hollywood Reporter, 11 Dec. 2015, www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-furious-7-brought-late-845763/. Alexander, Larry, and Michael Moore. “Deontological Ethics.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Stanford University, 30 Oct. 2020, plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics- deontological/. Driver, Julia. “The History of Utilitarianism.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Stanford University, 22 Sept. 2014, plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/. Chillingworth, Alec. “What Is CGI and How Has It Changed Movies, Animation & Content?” This Is the Epidemic Sound Blog | Epidemic Sound , This is the Epidemic Sound blog | Epidemic Sound, 5 Oct. 2023, www.epidemicsound.com/blog/what-is-cgi/#:~:text=Computer%2Dgenerated %20imagery.,simulations%2C%20online%20videos%20and%20more .

Sean Gallagher - May 14, 2014 7:30 pm UTC. (2014, May 14). Photos of an NSA “upgrade” factory show Cisco Router getting Implant . Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/05/photos-of-an-nsa-upgrade-factory-show- cisco-router-getting-implant/ Moral agent . Ethics Unwrapped. (2022, November 5). https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/moral-agent#:~:text=A%20moral%20agent %20is%20a%20person%20who%20has%20the%20ability,held%20responsible%20for %20their%20actions. Fernando, J. (n.d.). What are stakeholders: Definition, types, and examples . Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stakeholder.asp Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. (n.d.). https://iep.utm.edu/util-a-r/ Kantian ethics . Corporate Finance Institute. (2023, March 15). https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/esg/kantian-ethics/ Social Contract theory . Ethics Unwrapped. (2022b, November 5). https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/social-contract-theory#:~:text=Social %20contract%20theory%20says%20that,a%20divine%20being%20requires%20it. Bria 23 3 C justice as fairness: John Rawls and his theory of Justice . Constitutional Rights Foundation. (n.d.). https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-23-3-c-justice-as- fairness-john-rawls-and-his-theory-of-justice#:~:text=Rawls%20argued%20that%20only %20under,social%20justice%20for%20their%20society.

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