BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides

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Rev 03/22/23 CLG Copyright © ABA Technologies, Inc. 2020 BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides p. 1 Unit 6 Fundamentals of Experimentation and Experimental Design Kristin Myers-Kemp, Ph.D., BCBA-D Iser “Willie” DeLeon, Ph.D., BCBA-D BEH 5043 1 Outline A. Introduction to Experimentation B. Internal and External Validity C.The Experimental Question D.Single-Case Designs E. The A-B Design F. Reversal Designs 2 Outline A.Introduction to Experimentation B. Internal and External Validity C.The Experimental Question D.Single-Case Designs E. The A-B Design F. Reversal Designs 3 BACB Tasks 5 th ed TL D-1 Distinguish between dependent and independent variables. 6 th ed TCO BCBA D.1. Distinguish between dependent and independent variables. 6 th ed TCO BCaBA D.1. Distinguish between dependent and independent variables. (BACB ® , 2017, 2022a, 2022b) 4 Objective q Define extrinsic variability 5 “Knowledge of functional relations enables practitioners trained in applied behavior analysis to reliably alter behavior in meaningful ways” (Cooper et al., 2020, p. 156). 6

Rev 03/22/23 CLG Copyright © ABA Technologies, Inc. 2020 BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides p. 2 Behavior Analysis Revisited q The natural science approach to studying the effects of environmental variables on behavior 7 Variability of Behavior q Differences among responses § Topography or other dimensions § Conditions 8 Determinism Revisited q The universe is a lawful place q Phenomena occur as a result of other events in a systematic way 9 Extrinsic Variability q Assumption that behavioral variability is not inherent to the individual 10 ASR q What does “behavioral variability” refer to? a. Behavior is never truly determined b. Each response will vary along some dimension c. We will measure various responses in treatment d. Targeted behavior should be socially significant 11 ASR q The assumption that behavioral variability is not inherent to the individual refers to what? a. Determinism b. Variability of behavior c. Extrinsic variability d. Internal variability 12

Rev 03/22/23 CLG Copyright © ABA Technologies, Inc. 2020 BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides p. 3 Objectives q Experimentation a. Define b. Identify two variables q Define independent variable q Define dependent variable q Given a scenario of an experiment, identify the independent and dependent variables 13 Experimentation q Basic strategy to collect and test information about the world 14 Two Variables in Experimentation q Independent variable (IV) q Dependent variable (DV) 15 Independent Variable (IV) Revisited q The variable that is manipulated § An environmental event/condition or stimulus class q AKA experimental variable 16 IVs in Behavior Analysis q Treatment q Intervention q Experimental condition 17 Independent Variable Example 1 q EAB researcher looking at effects of different schedules of reinforcement on the rate of pigeon key pecking in an operant chamber q Independent variable: Changes in the different schedules of reinforcement 18

Rev 03/22/23 CLG Copyright © ABA Technologies, Inc. 2020 BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides p. 4 Independent Variable Example 2 q Clinical behavior analyst implementing a behavior reduction procedure (extinction) for a target behavior (hitting) q Independent variable: Extinction 19 Independent Variable Example 3 q Clinical behavior analyst uses prompting and token delivery to teach closing the bathroom door in a specific setting q Independent variable: Prompting and token delivery 20 ASR q In behavior analysis, “experimentation” refers to what? a. Subjecting a participant to exotic, new conditions which have no prior empirical support b. A basic process for collecting and testing information 21 ASR q Which best describes manipulation in behavioral experimentation? a. Making the subject do what we want b. Coercing subjects in various contexts c. An adjustment to the independent variable in an experiment d. An adjustment to the data collection to improve how it received 22 Dependent Variable (DV) Revisited q Variable studied to see the effect of the IV 23 DVs in Behavior Analysis q Dimension of behavior or a response class q Examples: § Rate § Duration § Force/intensity 24

Rev 03/22/23 CLG Copyright © ABA Technologies, Inc. 2020 BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides p. 5 Dependent Variable Example 1 q EAB researcher looking at effects of different schedules of reinforcement on the rate of pigeon key pecking in an operant chamber q Dependent variable: Rate of key pecking 25 Dependent Variable Example 2 q Clinical behavior analyst implementing extinction for hitting q Dependent variable: Rate of hitting 26 Dependent Variable Example 3 q Clinical behavior analyst uses prompting and token delivery to teach closing the bathroom door q Dependent variable: Percent correct of opportunities for closing the bathroom door 27 ASR q In behavior analysis, treatment is considered the _____ and the measure of interest is the ______. 28 ASR q A behavior analyst is measuring how often a student pushes peers while at school. A time-out procedure is put in place in an attempt to reduce pushing. Which of the following is considered the IV? a. The student b. Number of pushes c. The time-out procedure d. The school 29 ASR q A behavior analyst is measuring how often a student pushes peers while at school. A time-out procedure is put in place in an attempt to reduce pushing. Which of the following is considered the DV? a. The student b. Number of pushes c. The time-out procedure d. The school 30 IV DV

Rev 03/22/23 CLG Copyright © ABA Technologies, Inc. 2020 BEH 5043 Unit 6 Slides p. 6 ASR q A behavior analyst is measuring the effects of feedback on the number of errors made when employees handle shipments. The DV is _____ and the IV is _____. 31 ASR q Dawson is a BCBA evaluating the effects of an intervention to increase students’ exercise. He gives students tokens based on the total distance they walk each day during gym class. The longer the distance, the more tokens they receive. The tokens can be exchanged for fun items at the school store. Initially, Dawson has the students walk without receiving any tokens or specific instructions; after a few days, he initiates the token system. After several days of running the experiment, Dawson learns that a student’s parents are also giving the student extra allowance for each day the student earns at least five tokens. 32 ASR (continued) q Which of the following is the dependent variable in this scenario? a. Money provided by the parents b. Total distance walked each session c. Tokens provided contingent on distance walked d. Fun items in the school store 33 ASR q Eli is a student who only willingly eats three foods: cake, French fries, and watermelon. The BCBA wishes to increase the variety of foods Eli will eat willingly. The BCBA implements a procedure where a very small amount of non- preferred food is presented to Eli. If he consumes the food, he immediately receives two bites of one of his preferred foods. Ten presentations per day of a non-preferred food occur. If Eli does not accept the bite after five seconds, the trial is ended. The BCBA monitors the percentage of successful bites out of the total number of trials each session. During this intervention Mom takes Eli to the dentist and Eli has three cavities filled. During the next several sessions, Eli refuses all foods and then again begins to initiate trying bites of non-preferred foods. 34 ASR (continued) q Which of the following is the independent variable in this scenario? a. The three cavities that were filled at the dentist b. The percentage of successful bites of non-preferred food consumed c. Access to preferred food contingent on consumption of non-preferred food d. The three preferred food items 35 Objectives q Experimental design a. Define b. Identify the goal q Define experimental control 36 The DV is number of errors and the IV is feedback

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