DHYG 440 Week 5 Hand-out

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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Research Methodology DHYG 440 Week 5 Critically Appraising the Evidence 3rd step of the Evidence-Based Decision Making (EBDM) approach To determine the validity and relevance of the patient problem Tools have been developed to critically appraise studies, which have been developed by evidence-based groups The tools consist of series of questions that help determine the validity by exploring strengths and weaknesses of how the study was conducted, how information was collected, and how useful the information is to the specific patient or problem. CASP Critical Appraisal Skills Programme *Checklists used to appraise the following: systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case control studies, and diagnostic test studies Checklist consists of yes/no questions based on three key questions: Is the study valid? What are the results? Will the results help in caring for my patient? These questions help practitioners to determine if they can place confidence in the results *See Table 7-1 CONSORT Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials *Designed to improve the quality of reporting Randomized Clinical Trials Asks reviewer to list the page number where the information was reported
PRISMA *Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Guidelines which are designed to improve the reporting of Systematic Reviews Asks the reviewer to list the page number of where the information was reported STARD Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy *Criteria for improving the reporting of diagnostic studies STROBE Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology *Reviews cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies Designed to improve the reporting of a study and helps the reader judge the potential for bias Validity What is validity? The degree to which a study answers the question being asked or an instrument that measures what it is supposed to measure Instrument accurately performs a function Reliability What is reliability? The consistency of a set of measurements or a measuring instrument A test instrument is said to be reliable if it yields consistent results over repeated tests of the same subject under ideal conditions Examples of Validity and Reliability If an explorer is used to measure pocket depth and the same results are obtained over and over, is this an example of reliability? Yes Would the instrument be considered valid? No
Examples of Validity and Reliability Validity is more important than reliability however, there must be both reasonable validity and reliability Hawthorne Effect aka Attention Effect The attention of being observed by researchers effects the outcome; individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed Ex. Worker productivity was increased when lighting in the room was increased and decreased; differences could not be attributed to one cause Researchers control for this by using 3 groups: Experimental Control group that receives attention Control group that receives no special attention Placebo Effect Refers to the well-established tendency of individuals to improve (or perceive they are improving) simply because they know they are being treated Ex. A new drug is given to a group suffering from the same condition; some individuals might report they feel better even if the drug was totally ineffective (due to the placebo effect) To control for this, researchers compare results from a group receiving an experimental treatment with a control group that is given a placebo that resembles the treatment but is inactive. When administering a placebo, this is called a blind study since researchers did not disclose to participants which medication they were receiving.
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Methods and Materials What information is included in the materials and methods section? Who participated in the research What measures were used What procedure was used to carry out the research OR how the data was analyzed *Include Detailed steps as to how your study will be conducted Describe how you will be conducting the study Study Design: randomized controlled trial, zone of inhibition study, cross-sectional study (survey), etc. Sampling method used Procedures/techniques/equipment used Headings will include the following : Methods and Materials: Introduction to follow under this heading Participants OR Microorganisms Measures Procedure Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Data Analysis
Details to be included for each heading: *Methods and Materials Include an Introductory paragraph giving an overview of your research first. Introductory paragraph should include the study design and sampling method Example of Introduction: Methods and Materials This cross-sectional study used a survey design. A convenience sample of registered dental hygienists in California (CA) and North Carolina (NC) who are current members of the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) were recruited to complete an 18-item questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered between July 17 and August 31, 2009. Example of Introduction: Methods and Materials This zone of inhibition study (Kirby-Bauer test) will be an experimental design. The effectiveness of bamboo salt as an antimicrobial agent will be tested against five common oral microorganisms, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, E. faecalis, and C. albicans . The test involves inoculating agar plates with common oral microorganisms to measure the antimicrobial properties of bamboo salt toothpaste. *Participants OR Microorganisms Participants Number of participants How the participants were selected Demographics OR Microorganisms Describe each and how they are related to the oral cavity
*Measures For a survey tool, includes types of questions and survey software For a ZOI/clinical study, include tools and/or technologies used for measurement *Procedure The procedure section thoroughly and accurately describes in detail the physical steps taken to conduct the research. (ex. Treatments given to participants described in detail; steps to be taken for ZOI studies) *Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria The inclusion/exclusion section thoroughly describes: Inclusion criteria: characteristics that subjects must have Exclusion criteria: characteristics that disqualify subjects from inclusion in the study *Data Analysis Term 10 Add TBD Term 11 Outlines the steps taken to analyze the data, including: Methods used to analyze the data Descriptive and inferential statistics Software used to analyze the data Format Times New Roman font size 12, double-spaced Bold Headings ; upper and lower case letters Each paragraph should be 4-5 sentences; indent 1 st sentence of each paragraph Minimum 2 pages Cover page with signatures Submit Peer Evaluation One student from each group will submit the final draft as a WORD document to Canvas
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