DHYG 440 Week 5 Hand-out
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Research Methodology
DHYG 440
Week 5
Critically Appraising the Evidence
3rd step of the Evidence-Based Decision Making (EBDM) approach
To determine the validity and relevance of the patient problem
Tools have been developed to critically appraise studies, which have been developed by evidence-based
groups
The tools consist of series of questions that help determine the validity by exploring strengths and
weaknesses of how the study was conducted, how information was collected, and how useful the
information is to the specific patient or problem.
CASP
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme
*Checklists used to appraise the following: systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort
studies, case control studies, and diagnostic test studies
Checklist consists of yes/no questions based on three key questions:
Is the study valid?
What are the results?
Will the results help in caring for my patient?
These questions help practitioners to determine if they can place confidence in the results
*See Table 7-1
CONSORT
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
*Designed to improve the quality of reporting Randomized Clinical Trials
Asks reviewer to list the page number where the information was reported
PRISMA
*Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Guidelines which are designed to improve the reporting of Systematic Reviews
Asks the reviewer to list the page number of where the information was reported
STARD
Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy
*Criteria for improving the reporting of diagnostic studies
STROBE
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology
*Reviews cohort, case-control, cross-sectional studies
Designed to improve the reporting of a study and helps the reader judge the potential for bias
Validity
What is validity?
The degree to which a study answers the question being asked or an instrument that measures what it is
supposed to measure
Instrument accurately performs a function
Reliability
What is reliability?
The consistency of a set of measurements or a measuring instrument
A test instrument is said to be reliable if it yields consistent results over repeated tests of the same
subject under ideal conditions
Examples of Validity and Reliability
If an explorer is used to measure pocket depth and the same results are obtained over and over, is this
an example of reliability?
Yes
Would the instrument be considered valid?
No
Examples of Validity and Reliability
Validity is more important than reliability however, there must be both reasonable validity and reliability
Hawthorne Effect
aka Attention Effect
The attention of being observed by researchers effects the outcome; individuals modify an aspect of
their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed
Ex. Worker productivity was increased when lighting in the room was increased and decreased;
differences could not be attributed to one cause
Researchers control for this by using 3 groups:
Experimental
Control group that receives attention
Control group that receives no special attention
Placebo Effect
Refers to the well-established tendency of individuals to improve (or perceive they are improving) simply
because they know they are being treated
Ex. A new drug is given to a group suffering from the same condition; some individuals might report they
feel better even if the drug was totally ineffective (due to the placebo effect)
To control for this, researchers compare results from a group receiving an experimental treatment with a
control group that is given a placebo that resembles the treatment but is inactive.
When administering a placebo, this is called a blind study since researchers did not disclose to
participants which medication they were receiving.
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Methods and Materials
What information is included in the materials and methods section?
Who participated in the research
What measures were used
What procedure was used to carry out the research OR how the data was analyzed
*Include
Detailed steps as to how your study will be conducted
Describe
how
you will be conducting the study
Study Design:
randomized controlled trial, zone of inhibition study, cross-sectional study
(survey), etc.
Sampling method used
Procedures/techniques/equipment used
Headings will include the following
:
Methods and Materials: Introduction to follow under this heading
Participants OR
Microorganisms
Measures
Procedure
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Data Analysis
Details to be included for each heading:
*Methods and Materials
Include an
Introductory paragraph
giving an overview of your research first.
Introductory paragraph should include the study design and sampling method
Example of Introduction:
Methods and Materials
This cross-sectional study used a survey design. A convenience sample of registered dental
hygienists in California (CA) and North Carolina (NC) who are current members of the American Dental
Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) were recruited to complete an 18-item questionnaire.
The questionnaire
was administered between July 17 and August 31, 2009.
Example of Introduction:
Methods and Materials
This zone of inhibition study (Kirby-Bauer test) will be an experimental design. The effectiveness of
bamboo salt as an antimicrobial agent will be tested against five common oral microorganisms,
S.
mutans, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, E. faecalis,
and
C. albicans
. The test involves inoculating agar plates
with common oral microorganisms to measure the antimicrobial properties of bamboo salt toothpaste.
*Participants OR
Microorganisms
Participants
Number of participants
How the participants were selected
Demographics
OR
Microorganisms
Describe each and how they are related to the oral cavity
*Measures
For a survey tool, includes types of questions and survey software
For a ZOI/clinical study, include tools and/or technologies used for measurement
*Procedure
The procedure section thoroughly and accurately describes in detail the physical
steps taken to conduct the research.
(ex. Treatments given to participants described in detail; steps to be taken for
ZOI studies)
*Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
The inclusion/exclusion section thoroughly describes:
Inclusion criteria: characteristics that subjects must have
Exclusion criteria: characteristics that disqualify subjects from inclusion in the study
*Data Analysis
Term 10
Add TBD
Term 11
Outlines the steps taken to analyze the data, including:
Methods used to analyze the data
Descriptive and inferential statistics
Software used to analyze the data
Format
Times New Roman font size 12, double-spaced
Bold Headings
; upper and lower case letters
Each paragraph should be 4-5 sentences; indent 1
st
sentence of each paragraph
Minimum 2 pages
Cover page with signatures
Submit Peer Evaluation
One student from each group will submit the final draft as a WORD document to
Canvas
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