Unit 1 Materials Journal

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350

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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MSE350 Unit 1 Materials Journal Assignment Introduction This journal is a chance for you to record your reﬂections and ideas in response to conceptual and contextual questions throughout the course. In the face-to-face class you would have chances to talk with your classmates about these questions in class. As an online learner it is still extremely valuable to take time out regularly to reﬂect on your learning and to try to explain course concepts in your own words. This creates both an opportunity to learn more deeply, and also creates a resource you can refer to later on in when you review the course material. Task: For each question below take a few minutes to reﬂect and write your answer. Don’t worry about writing formally or writing a “perfect” answer. This is a space for you to record your thoughts, best-guesses, ideas and questions. The length of your answer can vary from a few words or sentences to a short paragraph -- make sure you write enough to fully express your ideas in relation to the Submission: Each module includes a “Materials Journal” assignment. To complete the assignment you need to submit the shareable URL for this journal to the assignment by the deadline. Note - you will be submitting the same URL for each assignment. If you do not submit the URL by the deadline you will not be awarded points for that week’s assignment. Due date: To be counted the journal URL needs to be submitted by the due date of the “knowledge check” for the chapter. Feedback: Individual comments and feedback will not be given on individual journals. Instead, at the end of the week the instructor will review the journals submitted and write a letter giving a review and response to the class as a whole. Grading: The journal will count for 5% of your course grade. The journal will be graded for effort and completion, with this rubric: 5 Fully completed (>90%) 4 Mostly completed (>75%) 3 Partially completed (>50%) 0 Late or incomplete (<50%) Unit 1: Structure and Properties (Chapter 1-6) 1. General characteristics of major material groups. 2. Atomic structure, bonding and structure of materials. 3. Defects in various materials. 4. Correlation of the above to the mechanical, chemical, electrical and thermal properties of materials. YOURNAME Chapter 1 | Course introduction 1.1 Why is it important for Engineers to understand Materials?

It allows engineers to fully understand the materials that they are working with for design and innovation purposes. Materials is also the intersection of physics, chemistry, biology and many other fields, all of which are the subject of engineering. 1.2 MS&E uses an “Active Learning” approach in both its face to face and online format. Consider this statement: “(It is widely accepted that) students develop higher-order analytical thinking & remember a greater percentage of what they write/say/do compared to what read/hear.” What do you think this means for you, as a student, in this course? Brieﬂy explain. I believe that means that I will need to do practice problems and talk about the materials and not only passively read slides and notes over and over again before exams and such. I will also need to find ways to apply what I have learned in the classroom outside. 1.3 Thought experiment (Part 1): Look around the room where you are sitting. What can you see that was designed using ideas & concepts from the field of Material Science & Engineering? Write a short list. Plastic Water Bottle Metal earrings Metal can Ceramic plate LED light strip 1.3 Thought experiment (Part 1): Look around the room where you are sitting. What can you see that was NOT designed using ideas & concepts from the field of Material Science & Engineering? Write a short list. Wooden bed frame Knitted scarf Kajal eyeliner 1.4 From what you have learned in the course orientation module, what can you do to help yourself succeed in this active learning online course? I can reach out to the professor and TA when I need help. I can also work with the group that I am assigned to for the projects. In addition, reaching out to classmates and working on practice problems. Chapter 2 | Atomic structure & bonding in solids 2.1 Which (if any) concepts in the chemistry review (Check In) are you less familiar with? ● Electronic structure of atoms ● Bonding in relation to ○ Electronegativity ○ Valence ○ Types of element (metal, non-metal, semiconductor) ● Organization of the Periodic Table based on electronic configuration ● Mole ● Avogadro’s number What is your plan to review these? I’m having some trouble with almost all of these topics from Chemistry. I took 109 so it was last year when I lost thought about any of these topics. I plan to review my notes and study topics from 109 and reach out to my TA or prof for extra practice problems regarding these topics. 2.2 What have you learned in your review of these chemistry concepts? Brieﬂy summarize.

I’ve learned much more about bonding in particular. In addition, I did quite a few practice problems regarding the organization of the periodic table with electronic configuration. 2.3 Based on what you know about electron energy states (3d & 4s), which is more important to the chemical bonding characteristics? The energies of these orbitals or their spatial distribution? Explain in your own words. 3d : higher energy 4s: lower energy 3d is more important than 4s in chemical bonding. 2.4 Based on what you know about electron energy states (3d & 4s), what are the implications for the periodic table, properties of metals, electrical conductivity, electro-positivity, and corrosion? ( Electron energy states are what defines many properties of materials and elements and their place on the periodic table. In addition, they create different properties for metals, electrical conductivity, electro-positivity and how likely a material is to corrode. 2.5 Brieﬂy summarize: why are bonding type and strength are important for design and selection of materials? Bonding type and strength are both very important for design because both of these are defining characteristics for many materials. You wouldn’t want to build a building out of an incredibly unstable material that will quickly fall apart once it faces the elements. Chapter 3 | Structures of metals & ceramics 3.1 In your own words, what is a Bravais Lattice, and why is it important for understanding crystallography? A Bravais lattice is a configuration of atoms within the cell. There are 14 different configurations and they are all 3 dimensional. In addition, they come in multiple versions and systems. It is important to crystallography because it allows the use of a unit cell. This allows for very precise representations of molecules. 3.2 Again, in your own word, what do Miller Indices allow us to understand or calculate within the field of crystallography? Miller indices is a system for demarcating planes in Bravais lattices. In addition, they allow us to calculate very important properties of molecules such as atom and ion placement. This is done by the amount of information provided by the Miller Indices such as the placement of ions and atoms. 3.3 For Questions 3.3-3.4 you should first watch the video (0’22”) of the transformation of beta tin to alpha tin. “In December of 1812, Napoleon's army consisting of 600,000 men was marching toward Russia. His Forces up until this time had been unmatched and undefeated. One reason for the downfall of unstoppable French army was army uniforms themselves. All of the army's clothing, spanning from the highest general to the most lowly private, had tin buttons sewn on to their uniforms…”

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Brieﬂy, explain the implications of this change for the soldiers in Napoleon's army. This essentially causes their buttons to explode and no longer close their clothing. This is essential for fighting a war in Russia, where closed clothing is much better for protecting you from the cold rather than open clothing which exposes the skin the elements. 3.4 How you could explain what you see in the video , from a materials perspective? Write a brief description of the process. Try to use as many of the given terms as you can in your description! Terms to use ● tin ● allotropy ● crystal structure ● temperature ● symmetry ● Bravais lattice ● body-centered tetragonal (BCT) ● diamond cubic (DC) ● phase transformation ● atomic packing ● alpha-tin & beta-tin The temperature of the environment causes a phase transformation within the tin; this transition is from beta tin to alpha tin. This makes it essentially explode. 3.5 One of the important points in this chapter is visualizing interstitials. What are “ inter stitials” between? Why is this important in the study of materials? Interstitials are between the positions of an array of atoms and ions. These positions can be filled with other atoms and ions. This is important because these interstitials create a space for modifications to certain materials and provides a breeding ground for experimentation, innovation and modification. Chapter 4 | Polymer structure 4.1 In a few sentences, brieﬂy comment: What distinguishes polymers from other materials? Why have polymers had such a significant impact on daily life? Polymers are materials made in repeating units. Polymers are able to make materials that are not able to melt or be deformed. All plastics for example are polymers. Polymers are also able to be cheaply made and mass produced. 4.2 In a few sentences, brieﬂy comment: What are the positive aspects of that impact? What are the negative aspects of that impact? Polymers have been able to allow manufacturers to make durable and easily manufactured products. This includes materials such as fiberglass, plastic cups, tupperware and plastic bags. However, a lot of the commercially produced polymers have had a negative impact on the environment and resulted in pollution of the earth and natural resources.

4.3 Name 3 kinds polymer architecture. What makes them different from each other? Linear - join together end to end in single chains Cross-linked - adjacent linear chains are joined one to another by covalent bonds. Polymers that have 3 or more active covalent bonds make networks and can be defined as Network polymers. Branched- polymers that have side chain branches that are connected to one long main chain of molecules. Muddiest Point What is the muddiest point from Chapters 1 - 4? Task: Take a moment to think about the material we’ve covered in the last few chapters. What idea or concept is the least clear to you? Write it down in 1-2 sentences or a question. The muddiest points for me are the concepts regarding Miller indices and mostly the materials covered in Chapter 3. I’m still confused about Bravais lattices. Chapter 5 | Imperfections in solids 5.1 Brainstorm ideas that support each of these statements. “Imperfections in solids are a BAD thing.” “Imperfections in solids are a GOOD thing.” Try to think of at least one specific example to support your ideas. Imperfections in solids is a good thing because these imperfections can be used to create solutions to engineering problems. For example, the defects in the material used to build catalytic convertors can be used to reduce pollution. This is done when the pollutant gases become attached to the material within the convertor and a chemical reaction occurs to essentially purify the gases before they exit the vehicle. 5.2 Good… bad… What’s a better way of putting it? Try finishing this sentence in a better way. “Imperfections in solids are …” Imperfections in solids are good or bad depending on the circumstances of where the solid is being applied. 5.3 What do these two statements mean for the field of MS&E? a)“Imperfections in materials are as important as the structure itself.” b)“The science of optimizing properties is the science of optimizing the defects.” The imperfections in a material can cause a material to fail; the structure may be perfect, however, if an engineer ignores the imperfections of the material, the material will not work as expected. It is incredibly important to study both aspects of the material in MS&E. In addition, since we cannot rid materials of their imperfections and defects, we must optimize the defects to either benefit us and make the material more useful, or we must optimize the defects to work in our favor and to be a benefit for using the material.

5.4 How do these statements relate to one or more of these specific examples? Glass manufacturing / Steel / Semi-conductor Technology Can you think of other materials or applications? Doping in semiconductors is one example of how imperfections in materials are exploited in order to accomplish an engineering goal. The addition of impurities changes how semi conductors can be used. 5.5 What the video demonstration of a Bubble Raft (3’08”). What is a bubble raft? How does it help visualize imperfections in solids? The Bubble Raft helps visualize imperfections in solids by representing each bubble as an atom of the material. 5.6 What is the connection between this equation and this picture? Explain in your own words. Equilibrium Vacancy Calculation Bubble Raft The bubble raft is linked to this equation because both are used to quantify the imperfections in a material. Chapter 6 | Diffusion For questions 6.1 - 6.3, look at the text on page 186 in your textbook and brieﬂy summarize your answers to these questions in your own words. This will help you prepare for the kind of information required for the first Micro Project. 6.1 What is the product illustrated, and what is it used for? The product illustrated is a steel gear and it is used for automobile transmissions. 6.2 Give some examples of how diffusion is important in the design and manufacturing of the product on page 186. Explain how. Diffusion is important to the design and manufacturing of this product because the product is case hardened by diffusion. This is done by a high temperature process that causes carbon from the atmosphere around the gear to diffuse into the surface.

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6.3 What aspects of diffusion would you need to understand in order to optimize its properties ? You would need to understand the actual functions of diffusion and whether to use vacancy or interstitial diffusion in order to harden the surface. 6.4 What concepts from the previous chapters do you think are most relevant to understanding the role of diffusion for this application? Why? I think the concepts relating to atomic structure and bonding and the structure of metals are the most relevant to this diffusion application. In order to effectively diffuse the carbon into the steel surface, you would need knowledge about the actual structure of the steel. 6.5 Explain brieﬂy in your own words: What is the role of vacancies in diffusion? Vacancies in diffusion essentially holds a place for the diffusing atoms. Essentially they substitute in one another's place in the material. 6.6 Explain brieﬂy in your own words: What is the role of temperature in diffusion? A temperature increase results in increasing energy in the system. In turn, the atoms move faster and a lot more than at the previous temperature. This results in an increase of diffusion because of more moving atoms. Please look on the Canvas site for Module 7 to create your Unit 2 Materials Journal. Link to create a copy: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1y5HNgOWYHUtG9K9EdjSTdXQWJiVnWv_7wgUwpWGd0Ck/copy