M2

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University of California, Berkeley *

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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Which of the following is an acute effect of caffeine? Group of answer choices increased heart rate and blood pressure all four of the answer options describe acute effects of caffeine increased alertness increased metabolic rate increased kidney output Flag this Question Question 2 1 pts Which of the following websites can be used as an excellent source of information about practically any psychoactive drug? The site also houses a large archive of experiential reports. Group of answer choices

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Erowid National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Kaiser Healthcare Flag this Question Question 3 1 pts ____________________ was the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous. In the 1950s he experienced ____________________ sessions in order to assess potential benefit for treating alcohol addiction. Group of answer choices Humphry Osmond ; ergot purification Timothy Leary ; sacred mushroom Richard Evans Schultes ; peyote ceremonial

Ken Kesey ; drug detoxification Bill Wilson ; LSD psychotherapy Caffeine is believed to increase alertness via which action in the nervous system? Group of answer choices none of the four answer options is correct agonist at norepinephrine receptor agonist at adenosine receptor antagonist at GABA receptor antagonist at adenosine receptor Flag this Question Question 5 1 pts Cocaine is all of the following EXCEPT:

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Group of answer choices local anesthetic alkaloid xanthine derivative insecticide stimulant Flag this Question Question 6 1 pts Which of the following has the highest potential for abuse? Group of answer choices caffeine cannabis LSD

mescaline amphetamine Flag this Question Question 7 1 pts Which two contemporary companies have the city of Berkeley as an important part of their origin stories? Group of answer choices Peet’s coffee and Theo chocolate Peet’s coffee and Scharffen Berger chocolate Starbucks coffee and Dagoba chocolate Blue Bottle coffee and Peet’s coffee Starbucks coffee and Scharffen Berger chocolate Flag this Question

Question 8 1 pts Withdrawal symptoms associated with cocaine use are likely to include all of the following except: Group of answer choices all four of the answer options are likely withdrawal symptoms of cocaine depressed mood seizure fatigue irritability Flag this Question Question 9 1 pts Several years ago the presence of caffeine was detected in the nectar from a variety of plant flowers. More recently, this presence of caffeine has been found to have what impact on the behavior of honeybees?

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Group of answer choices none of the four answer options is correct ffeine contributes to optimizing a bee’s return to flowers containing that have higher concentrations of sugar in their nectar caffeine increases the precision of moves in the honeybee dance caffeine decreases the likelihood that the bee will correctly communicate the location of the flower to other bees in its hive caffeine increases the likelihood of the bee returning to the flower Flag this Question Question 10 1 pts The cell bodies of dopamine neurons are mostly likely to be found in which of the following brain regions: Group of answer choices cerebral cortex raphe nuclei

ventral tegmentum locus coeruleus cerebellum Flag this Question Question 11 1 pts The San Pedro cactus is native to: Group of answer choices southern Texas and northern Mexico Sierra Mazateca mountains in Oaxaca, Mexico Andes mountains in northern South America north Africa and central Asia Europe

Flag this Question Question 12 1 pts Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding research on placebo effects? Group of answer choices framing a task as “cognitive training” led to a significant increase in IQ compared to when the same task was not framed as such effectiveness of antidepressant drugs has been shown to be largely due to placebo effects all four of the answer options are true regarding placebo-effect research enhanced analgesic effects from NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.) were observed when coupled with non-analgesic parasympatholyic side effects from atropine in an investigation 10 surgeries, 8 showed no statistical superiority over placebo surgery in reducing symptoms Flag this Question Question 13 1 pts

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What key event took place in 1997 that led to a large increase in prescriptions for antidepressant medications in the US? Group of answer choices FDA allowed for direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines none of the four answer options is correct publication of the best-seeing book 'Listening to Prozac' publication of results of clinical trials showing that SSRIs work substantially better than placebo in treating depression advertising to physicians was approved Flag this Question Question 14 1 pts Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to result in death from an overdose? Group of answer choices

lysergic acid diethylamide Valium cocaine morphine ethanol Flag this Question Question 15 1 pts What drug consumed by humans has been found to be the most prevalent in samples of wastewater analyzed for chemical composition? caffeine Flag this Question Question 16 1 pts If you were flying on a commercial airliner in the the 1940-50s, you might be offered an inhaler containing what drug? benzodiazepine

Flag this Question Question 17 1 pts What is the Latin genus name for all of the known psychedelic mushrooms? (Note: the genus name is the first name in the binomial identification system of genus and species.) Psilocybe cubensis Flag this Question Question 18 1 pts A typical dose of LSD is in the range of 40 to 400 ___micro_________ grams. Flag this Question Question 19 1 pts In 1897, German pharmacologist Arthur Heffter isolated and characterized the primary psychoactive chemical present in the peyote cactus. What is the name of this chemical? Mescaline

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Flag this Question Question 20 1 pts What is the name of the primary psychedelic compound in hallucinogenic “magic” mushrooms? This chemical is very stable prior to ingestion but is rapidly chemically altered (by dephosphorylation, removal of a phosphate group) once it enters the body? Psilocybine Flag this Question Question 21 1 pts In seeking approval for a new drug from the FDA, what must be demonstrated in a Phase 3 clinical trial? studies must show greater significance than placebo effects or pills Flag this Question Question 22 1 pts How many independent Phase 3 clinical trials must demonstrate this for approval to take place? 2 studies

Flag this Question Question 23 2 pts The word “psychedelic,” introduced by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond in 1956, is derived from Greek words meaning _______psyche = mind_______ and ________deloun = revealing _______. Flag this Question Question 24 2 pts For more than 50 years, the dominant explanatory hypothesis regarding psychosis states that: psychosis is related to _____too much _______ activity in particular brain pathways using the neurotransmitter ______dopamine______. Flag this Question Question 25 2 pts

The difference between black and green tea is that black tea is ______Fermented_________ and ___Oxidized____________ while green tea is not. Flag this Question Question 26 4 pts Describe four essential steps in the process of producing coffee, beginning with the coffee plant and leading to the drink we call coffee. 1. Fruits are harvested when ripe 2. Beans are separated from the berry pulp and dried. The pulp is discarded. 3. Beans are spread out and dried or water is added to them to encourage fermentation (they can be moist prior to this). Microorganisms in the air grow and change the chemistry of the plant material which causes a production of new molecules that have various flavors in the coffee beans. *Process lasts few hours to days. 4. Beans are dried and can be shipped around the world. They're stable in dry form, but when roasted they lose aromatic properties. Once the beans are shipped to the respective destinations, they get roasted in coffee shops. Beans get grounded and extracted with hot water, then you get the drink coffee. HTML Editor

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Keyboard Shortcuts Flag this Question Question 27 2 pts Sucrose sugar comes from sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum) . Cocaine comes from coca ( Erythroxylum coca ). Compare sugar/sugarcane with cocaine/coca. Specifically address the common impact on people’s behavior of removing the chemicals from the plants. They are both chemicals that have been derived from plants and are very addictive. Sugar cas cause distress and has a big impact on obesity problems. Similarly, cocaine also has withdrawals. HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts Flag this Question Question 28 4 pts Name 2 reasons LSD was placed in Schedule 1 of the Controlled Substances Act in 1970, and 2 reasons why it ought not be considered a Schedule 1 substance. (1 pt for each reason; 4 pts total) (Note: the two reasons for placement in Schedule 1 must be distinct reasons, not two examples of a single larger notion) It was placed as schedule one because it distorted ones perception and effects were very dramatized as the use was increasing recreationally. It does not have an abuse potential and it is currently being tested to aid in trauma and therapy.

HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts Flag this Question Question 29 3 pts Prior to its placement in Controlled Substance Schedule One in 1985, MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) was used in which clinical practice? (1 pt) After its scheduling, it gained media attention, its recreational use increased, and it became widely known by which name? (1 pt) Despite its still being Schedule One, its clinical use is currently being investigated for the treatment of which condition? (1 pt) (3 pts total) It became known as ecstasy, a part drug. MDMA returns as a psychotherapeutic adjunct a “Party Drug” may Help the Brain Cope With Trauma. HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts Flag this Question Question 30 3 pts

What were the Rat Park studies? What was the main result? What do these studies imply about the nature of addiction and addiction treatment? (3 pts: 1 pt for each question) The rat park studies showed that the social environment was an important factor in the cause of addiction. The rats were placed in a park-like structure where they were able to mate and hang out with other rats. HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts Flag this Question Question 31 5 pts One of the many powerful medicinal plants of South America’s Amazon jungle is often made from a brewed mixture of the leaves of Psychotria viridis and a certain woody vine. What is the name of the brewed mixture? (1 pt) What is the name of the vine (common name or scientific genus and species name)? (1 pt) What is the primary psychoactive chemical contained in the leaves of Psychotria viridis ? (1 pt) The vine contains the chemicals harmine and harmaline. What property do these chemicals have that contributes to the potent psychoactivity of the brew? (1 pt) How precisely does this property increase the psychoactivity of the brew? (1 pt) (5 pts total) The brewed mixture is called ayahuasca, the vine is called Banisteriopsis Caapi, the two chemicals allow the plant to be an MAOI which allows for the oral-digestive activity of DMT. HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

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Flag this Question Question 32 3 pts In Dale Pendell’s second volume of the Pharmako trilogy, Pharmako/Dynamis , he describes caffeine as: “. . . it blends completely with the landscape. It IS the landscape.” (You may not have read this optional book, but this was also discussed in class.) Explain why Pendell describes caffeine as “the landscape.” (1 pt) people are so used to caffeine and it has been normalized so the effects aren't as obvious as other drugs Give one example supporting the description of caffeine as “the landscape.” (1 pt) there is a lot of advertisement for energy drinks, coffee shops, etc What aspect of the contemporary world, perhaps especially in the USA, promotes the popularity of caffeine? (1 pt) the idea that the world revolves around coffee (3 pts total) HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts

Flag this Question Question 33 2 pts The “forced swin test” and the “tail suspension test” are the standard rodent tests used in the preclinical investigation of potential antidepressant drugs. What is the rationale or logic behind the use of these two particular tests as measures of antidepressant effectiveness? (1 pt) And what critique has been leveled against the use of these tests as reliable measures of antidepressant effectiveness? (1 pt) (2 pts total) The antidepressants were believed to have promoted mobility in rats during these studies. However, others noticed that the stop of mobility proved that the rats were more in a meditation state instead of reaching depression. HTML Editor Keyboard Shortcuts Flag this Question Question 34 4 pts Explain the concepts of “set” and “setting” (2 pts) and illustrate their importance through providing a description of at least two details of the experimental conditions created for the 1962 Good Friday Experiment (2 pts). (4 pts total) Set and setting describes the mood and the environment. The Good Friday Experiment was done at a church and had religious/spiritual aspects which leads to a much easier “high”.

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