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Michigan State University *

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171L

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 1 Project Description: The Briggs Environmental Lab tasked our team to determine which scientific method would be most appropriate for the quantification of divalent manganese ions. They want to do this so they can add testing for divalent manganese as an offering to clients. In this Lab we studied three different ways of determining the concentration of manganese (Mn² ). The first experiment was Gravimetric Analysis. This includes heating the water to a temperature where the water boils or evaporates more quickly to separate the solute from the water. By this process we were able to calculate how much material was present using weight. We found that MnSO4 has an average concentration of 1.86M ± 0.12. The second experiment was Spectroscopy. This consists of shining light through the solution and determining its brightness and the wavelengths of light that are either emitted or transmitted. UV/Vis technology measures the solute's property to identify how much is present in a solution. With this, we found the concentration to be around 1.87 mol/L. The third and last experiment was Titration. In this experiment we determined when the chemical reaction had received an equal amount of each reactant, then precisely added one reactant to another to see the concentration of a compound dissolved in solution through a color change. Using this method we found the concentration of magnesium sulfate to be approximately 0.1710 M. Claim: The Briggs Environmental Lab's manganese II (Mn² ) concentration is most effectively measured using the titration method.This should be utilized by the company to measure manganese II ions since, in comparison to the alternatives, it is the least expensive, has a wider concentration range, and still generates accurate and precise results. Summary: Titration is the most appropriate method for testing Manganese II and calculating the concentration. Titration experiments use multiple trials in order to confirm results and findings. In doing these multiple trials, the cost remains the lowest compared to the other two methods for calculating the concentration. The main factor for the price is the Analytical Balance, which is used in a number of experiments. The solutions themselves are low priced for the amount that is needed to carry out the experiment. For example, the pH buffer - 10 solution is $1.50. The titration experiment is also more time effective. The trials are all the same just adding different amounts. Instead of having to heat the solutions and wait for results, we are able to add the solutions at the same time. In regards to the safety for the procedure, gloves and goggles must be worn at all times when working with the solutions. The Sulfuric acid is corrosive and could possibly damage materials. If the Triethanolamine enters the eyes, you just rinse them out thoroughly for 10 minutes. Titration experiments allow for a smaller range of concentrations to be shown all including four decimal points. These concentrations allow for more accurate and precise readings. For example, the concentrations of our group included 0.1710 M, 0.1664 M, and 0.1602 M. Some errors that could occur in this experiment include getting the mass and concentration incorrect in the beginning, incorrect sig figs, misreading values on flasks, and adding too much of the Eriochrome Black T indicator. All of these factors are caused by human error and may play a role on the final concentration received and overall output of the trial. If this occurs for a single trial the data may be skewed and more trials can become necessary. Calculations for this method include finding the net volume, converting, and stoichiometry.
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 2 Gravimetric Analysis is an analytical method that uses evaporation of moisture to determine the mass of a particular solute in a solution. It is likely the second option we would use for determining the concentration of MnSO4. This process is fairly decent at determining the mass of a substance. It involves drying a substance repeatedly to remove excess moisture and determine the mass of a dried solution. You then take the mass of the dried solution and use stoichiometry with the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, and use the formula weight for the compound to determine Moles of solution. In the example given to us in the first week of module four we were given a table with the results of a gravimetric analysis experiment. The concentration range was also quite large, it was 1.86 M, plus or minus .12. Overall, the method was accurate but not precise. In addition some of the data in the table is unreasonable, for example in the table dish 9 has a negative value. This caused some of our data to be skewed, majorly the standard deviation which is .005801 with dish 9 included and .000311 without. There were a few discrepancies as well, one of which being that if you do not dry your clay dish enough prior to beginning the experiment it can be problematic for your final results. Also when we were “deciding” which numbers to use we had to pick 3 within +-.005 of each other and that caused some confusion and might have also had a negative impact on our results. The cost for the experiment was also in the middle of the pack with an estimated total of $5,728.23. Resulting in the use of gravimetric analysis as a second alternative method. This is because, in addition to cost, Gravimetric methods are usually more accurate when measuring higher masses, making them more appropriate for analytes with higher concentrations. They also are fairly sensitive and one minor mishap in preparation or in the experiment can lead to incorrect results, majorly not drying, or precipitation occurring into the dish. In comparison to the other two methods, the spectrophotometric method should only be used as a last resort for the Briggs Experimental Lab because it is more expensive, more suitable for other aspects, and is less accurate and precise for measuring the concentration of MnSO4. Following the experiment, we found the average concentration to be 1.87. Unlike the other concentration for the other two studies, the values of 1.68, 1.99, and 1.93 when taken individually do not truly fall within a close range to one another. This value, however, is not as precise and accurate as the concentration for the other two methods. Due to the fact that the data from the table showed a broad range of numbers and the consistency of the measurements didn't match the data when it was repeated, the Spectroscopy experiment didn't seem to meet the "expected" accuracy or precision. Not to mention the cost of this experiment is approximately $7,312.91.Not only are the other experiments relatively cheaper but they also can give a better expected accuracy and precision. This experiment was also very time consuming compared to the other methods. The limitations of this method are yet another reason it should only be utilized as a last option. One limitation is the sensitivity. A spectrophotometer's capacity to detect and measure tiny shifts in the absorbance or intensity of light at a particular wavelength depends on its sensitivity. Without it, factors like accuracy, precision, and concentration range may all be compromised. Calibration is a second limitation. For some analytes, it may be difficult to find valid reference materials, which is necessary for accurate calibration in spectroscopy. The foundation provided by calibration allows the observed spectroscopic data to be translated into meaningful concentration values. We may have poured too much or too little of some of the components we were given during the sample preparation process, which could account for some discrepant data and somewhat alter the results. All in all, the EDTA titration is a preferred option for the Briggs Experimental Lab's
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 3 manganese ion quantification because it is the least expensive, sensitive, and quicker. As a result, it is generally more trustworthy especially when it comes to accuracy and precision. Even though spectroscopy is an effective analytical method with numerous uses, it may not always be the ideal option for quantifying divalent manganese ions (Mn2+), particularly in cases where the concentrations are low. Even at relatively large concentrations and with careful attention to reducing sources of error, gravimetric analysis can still be a successful method for quantifying manganese ions but not more effective than titration. Appendix A- Price for the materials of each lab experiment Titration Experiment Cost Titration materials cost EDTA (300g) $46.25 Manganese Sulfate (MnSO4) (125g) $123.25 Ascorbic Acid $19.09 Distilled Water $13.00 Triethanolamine (3 mL) $4.55 H2SO4 solution $61.50 pH-10 buffer solution $1.50 Eriochrome Black T indicator $0.50 Weigh boat $2.70 Analytical Balance $4,997.00 Volumetric Flask (100 mL) $47.25 Erlenmeyer Flask (250 mL) $30.25 Buret $20.15 Ring stand for buret $120.75 TOTAL $5487.74 Gravimetric Analysis Experiment Cost Gravimetric Analysis Materials Cost 2 Clay Triangles 3.7
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Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 4 Metal Tongs 2.87 Clay Evaporating Dish 68 Hot Plate 266.39 Bulb 16.97 Volumetric Flask (100mL) 8.32 Volumetric Pipette 78.8 2 Beakers (500mL) 10.8 Striker 2.79 Ring stand 22.99 Bunsen Burner 119.5 Analytical Balance 4,997.00 Distilled water (1 Gal) 13 Manganese Sulfate (MnSO4) (125g) 117.1 TOTAL: $5,728.23 Spectroscopy Experiment Cost Spectroscopy materials cost Hot Plate $567.34 Analytical balance $5,175.00 Volumetric flask 100mL $347.30 Volumetric flask 50mL $204.60 Volumetric pipette $78.80 potassium permanganate $72.30 Distilled water (1 Gal) $13.00 Ice $2.98 Beaker (50 mL) $2.48
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 5 Silver nitrate $78.71 Manganese sulfate $47.44 Plastic bin $8.99 Heat resistant gloves $22.99 Spectrophotometer $604.29 Weigh boats $53.25 TOTAL $7,312.91 Appendix B- Data calculation and the titration method Preparation of Standard EDTA Solution Mass of empty weigh boat (g) 0.6739 0.6739 0.6739 Mass of weigh boat and EDTA (g) 0.3832 0.3724 0.3601 Mass of EDTA 0.37224 0.37224 0.37224 Volume of solution (mL) 10 10 10 molar mass of EDTA (g/mol) 372.24 Concentration of EDTA (M) 0.01 AMOUNTS ADDED TO EACH ERLENMEYER FLASK q1 10.00 mL 0.01 M EDTA Solution 5 mL pH 10 buffer 1 mL triethanol amine 5 mL 5% ascorbic acid 20 mL deionized water 2 drops eriochrome black T indicator Erlenmeyer flask 1 10 5 mL pH 1 5 20 2 drops eriochrome
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 6 10 buffer black T indicator Erlenmeyer flask 2 10 5 mL pH 10 buffer 1 5 20 2 drops eriochrome black T indicator Erlenmeyer flask 3 10 5 mL pH 10 buffer 1 5 20 2 drops eriochrome black T indicator Titration of Mn2+ with EDTA Volume of MnSO4 solution (mL) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Initial Volume of MnSO4 (mL) 20 26.02 32.03 Final Volume MnSO4 (mL) 26.02 32.03 38.07 Net Volume (mL) 6.02 6.01 6.04 Concentration of MnSO4 solution 0.1710 M 0.1664 M 0.1602 M calculate cells in green measure cells in yellow Appendix C- Data calculation and the gravimetric analysis method Dish 1 Dish 2 Dish 3 Dish 4 Dish 5 Dish 6 Dish 7 Dish 8 Dish 9 Dish 10 Mass of empty dried evaporation dish (g) Trial 1 27.2185 30.586 25.6126 31.5034 30.167 26.4605 113.592 27.2779 31.756 112.3335 Trial 2 27.2137 30.5806 25.6073 31.501 30.1664 26.4579 113.589 27.2778 35.7608 112.3405 Trial 3 27.2164 30.5747 25.6091 31.5057 30.1677 26.4614 113.609 27.2783 35.7609 112.345
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Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 7 Volume of MnSO4 solution added (mL) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Mass of dried evaporation dish with MnSO 4 (g) Trial 1 28.898 32.3376 27.3465 33.1345 31.9201 28.2663 115.445 9 29.0475 33.342 114.117 Trial 2 28.8825 32.3036 27.3265 33.1388 31.903 28.1414 115.393 29.0113 33.349 114.02 Trial 3 28.884 32.2991 27.2967 33.1275 31.8941 28.1437 115.279 29.0239 33.3469 114.008 Trial 4 33.1296 28.1387 115.271 113.976 Trial 5 28.1281 115.227 113.973 Trial 6 28.1089 115.226 Trial 7 28.1011 Average of mass of empty dried evaporation dish 27.2162 30.5804 3 25.60967 31.50337 30.1670 3 26.4599 3 113.596 7 27.278 34.4259 112.3397 Average Mass of dried evaporation dish with MnSO4 (g) 28.88817 32.3134 3 27.32323 33.13197 31.9057 3 28.1127 115.241 3 29.0275 7 33.34597 113.9857 Mass of MnSO4 1.671967 1.733 1.713567 1.6286 1.7387 1.65276 7 1.64466 7 1.74956 7 -1.07993 1.646 Moles of MnSO4 0.011073 0.01147 7 0.011348 0.010785 0.01151 4 0.01094 5 0.01089 2 0.01158 6 -0.00715 0.010901
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 8 Average Moles of MnSO4 0.009337 Molarity of MnSo4 1.867392 Standard Deviation 0.005801 Appendix C- Data calculation and the Spectroscopy method Diluting the KMnO4 Solution Concentration of stock KMnO4 = 6.10E-03 Dilution Size of Volumetric Flask (mL) Volume of stock KMnO4 added (mL) Dilution factor Concentrati on of Prepared KMnO4 (mol/L) (M2) Absorbance of solution (unitless) 1 100 1 0.01 Column1 Column2 2 50 1 0.02 0.0000625 0.11 3 100 4 0.04 0.000125 0.32 4 100 10 0.1 0.00025 0.52 5 100 3 0.03 0.000625 1.19 0.0001875 0.41 Absorbance and Concentration of Samples Absorbance of solution (unitless) Calculated concentration of solution Calculated concentration of stock Calculated concentrati on of the
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 9 (mol/L) solution (mol/L) original solution (mol/L) X 0.33 1.68E-04 1.68E-02 1.68 Y 0.39 1.99E-04 1.99E-02 1.99 Z 0.38 1.93E-04 1.93E-02 1.93 average of concentration 1.87 wavelength for X,Y,Z 522.864 Appendix D- Calculations Spectroscopy Diluting the KMnO4 Solution: Concentration of Prepared KMnO4 (mol/L) (M2) - 0.00625*(1/100)= 0.0000625 - 0.00625*(1/50)= 0.000125 - 0.00625*(4/100)= 0.00025 - 0.00625*(10/100)= 0.0000625 - 0.00625*(3/100)= 0.0001875 Absorbance and Concentration of Samples: Calculated concentration of solution (mol/L) - 0.33/1964.3= 1.68*10^(-4) - 0.39/1964.3=1.99*10^(-4) - 0.38/1964.3= 1.93*10^(-4) Absorbance and Concentration of Samples: Calculated concentration of solution (mol/L) - 1.68*10^(-4)*100= 1.68*10^(-2) - 1.99*10^(-4)*100= 1.99*10^(-2) - 1.93*10^(-4)*100= 1.93*10^(-2)
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Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 10 Absorbance and Concentration of Samples: Calculated concentration of the original solution (mol/L) - 1.68*10^(-2)*100= 1.68 - 1.99*10^(-2)*100= 1.99 - 1.93*10^(-2)*100= 1.93 Gravimetric Analysis To calculate Mass of MnSO4 (average mass of dried evporated dish with MnSO4(g))-(mass of dried evaporated dish(g)) Dish 1 Dish 2 Dish 3 Dish 4 Dish 5 Dish 6 Dish 7 Dish 8 Dish 9 Dish10 28.88816 667 32.31343333 27.32323333 33.13196667 31.90573333 28.1127 115.2413333 29.02756667 33.34596667 113.9856667 - 27.2162 30.58043333 25.60966667 31.50336667 30.16703333 26.45993333 113.5966667 27.278 34.4259 112.3396667 = 1.671966 667 1.733 1.713566667 1.6286 1.7387 1.652766667 1.644666667 1.749566667 - 1.079933333 1.646 To Find Moles MnSO4 (Mass MnSO4(g)/(Formula Weight MnSO4(g)) Dish 1 Dish 2 Dish 3 Dish 4 Dish 5 Dish 6 Dish 7 Dish 8 Dish 9 Dish10 1.671966 667 1.733 1.713566667 1.6286 1.7387 1.652766667 1.644666667 1.749566667 - 1.079933333 1.646 / 151.001 = 0.011072 554 0.011476745 0.011348048 0.010785359 0.011514493 0.010945402 0.01089176 0.011586457 - 0.007151829 0.01090059 To Find Average Moles (Add all 10 mole numbers)/(10) Dish 1 Dish 2 Dish 3 Dish 4 Dish 5 Dish 6 Dish 7 Dish 8 Dish 9 Dish10 0.011072 554 0.011476745 0.011348048 0.010785359 0.011514493 0.010945402 0.01089176 0.011586457 - 0.007151829 0.01090059 /
Section 003 Group 5 Talyah Beard, Nathan Allen, Kavya Tumbalam 11 10.0 = 0.009336958 To Find Molarity (Average Moles MnSO4)/(Amount of MnSO4 added to solution(L)) (0.009336958)/(.005)=1.867391607 Titration Converting from mL to L Trial 1 : net volume: 6.02 —---> 0.00602 Trial 2: net volume 6.01 —-----> 0.00601 Trial 3: net volume 6.04—-------> 0.00604 1) M = 0.3832 * 1 mol / 372.24 g * 1 mol / 1 mol = 0.1710 M 2) M =0.3724 * 1 mol / 377.24 g * 1 mol / 1 mol = 0.1664 M 3) M = 0.3601 * 1 mol / 377.24 g * 1 mol / 1 mol = 0.1602 M